Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)

Composing a Reference Letter (With Examples) Composing a Reference Letter (With Examples) Composing a Reference Letter (With Examples) By Ali Hale Eventually throughout everyday life, you’re very likely must compose a reference letter for somebody. It may be a previous worker or understudy, or even a family companion. Here’s what you have to think about the reason for reference letters and how to compose the best letter conceivable. Note: I will utilize â€Å"candidate† to allude to the individual who the reference letter is about, â€Å"you† to allude to the individual composing the reference letter, and â€Å"recipient† to allude to the individual accepting the letter. I’ll underscore here, however, that reference letters are not just for employment or scholarly â€Å"candidates†, it’s only a convenient term to use to keep this article clear! What is a reference letter and when are they utilized? A reference letter is normally composed to vouch for an individual or (once in a while) a company’s abilities, character as well as accomplishments. Once in a while a reference letter is known as a â€Å"recommendation letter†. It is a proper record, and ought to be composed and written in a genuine and systematic style. Reference letters are utilized in a wide assortment of circumstances; there is no complete rundown that covers every conceivable situation. The most widely recognized models are: At the point when a competitor goes after a position, they may require a reference to help their application. In the event that an interviewee is given a proposition for employment, they may need to flexibly a reference letter before the agreement can be agreed upon. An understudy applying for a scholastic course regularly requires a reference letter to help their application. An understudy applying for subsidizing will frequently need to gracefully reference letters. Organizations may utilize reference letters as declarations to their reliability and capacity to do a task well. Forthcoming occupants may need to furnish their landowner with a reference letter, vouching for their great money related status. (This could be from an earlier landowner or from a current manager.) Who ought to compose a reference letter? In the event that you are drawn nearer and approached to compose a reference letter for a vocation up-and-comer, an understudy or an organization, consider whether you can truly do as such. A reference letter is a conventional archive, and it is pivotal that you don't lie or fudge reality in it, or there could be legitimate repercussions. On the off chance that somebody needs a reference letter from you: The up-and-comer ought to be somebody you know sensibly well. For instance, you can't give any legitimate remark on the scholastic capacity of an understudy who’s just been going to your talks for seven days. You should know the up-and-comer in a limit which enables you to compose an important reference. For instance, in the event that you have worked with the individual, it would be proper for you to compose a reference letter to a forthcoming boss for them. You ought to have the option to give a fair and positive reference. On the off chance that you genuinely feel that the competitor has nothing but bad characteristics for you to accentuation, or on the off chance that you have had a character conflict with them before, you should advise them to look for a reference letter from another person. What goes into a reference letter? The specific structure of a reference letter will vary marginally relying upon the kind of reference it is, yet this is a decent essential blueprint: Begin utilizing the business letter group: put the recipient’s name and address, whenever referred to, and address them as â€Å"Dear [name]†. On the off chance that the beneficiary is at present obscure (this would be likely on a scholastic application, for example), at that point use â€Å"Dear Sir/Madam† or â€Å"To whom it might concern†. It is regularly useful to present yourself in the main couple of lines of your letter. The beneficiary won't need your life history: simply give a short sentence or two clarifying your position and your relationship to the up-and-comer. Your next section ought to affirm any realities which you realize the competitor will gracefully alongside your letter. For instance, on the off chance that you are composing a reference for an occupation candidate, a few or these subtleties might be suitable: The person’s work title, and job inside the organization. The person’s leaving pay when they were last utilized by you (or your association). The dates which the individual was utilized from and until. In the event that you are composing a reference letter for a scholarly course, you should affirm the person’s scholastic evaluations. In your third section, you ought to give your judgment upon the candidate’s aptitudes and characteristics. It is regularly suitable to express that you would readily re-utilize them, or that their commitments to your school class were exceptionally esteemed. Single out any extraordinary characteristics that the applicant has †maybe their drive and energy, their meticulousness, or their capacity to lead. Where conceivable, utilize your fourth section to give two or three solid instances of times when the up-and-comer exceeded expectations. (You might need to request that the applicant enlighten you concerning any extra-curricular undertakings they’ve been associated with, or welcome them to feature anything they’d especially like you to remember for the reference letter.) Close your letter on a positive note, and on the off chance that you are eager to get further correspondence about the candidate’s application, make this understood. Incorporate your contact subtleties as well. Likewise with any business letter, you should end fittingly; â€Å"Yours sincerely† when you are keeping in touch with a named beneficiary, and â€Å"Yours faithfully† when you don't have the foggiest idea who will get the letter. Things to stay away from Ensure that you stay away from: Referencing any shortcomings the applicant has. Saying whatever could be interpreted as slander. Writing in a casual way: keep the letter efficient. Jokes, slang and easygoing language are not proper and may hurt the up-and-comers possibilities. Counting individual data not pertinent to the application. Referencing the candidate’s race, political position, religion, nationality, conjugal status, age or wellbeing is normally improper. Spelling botches, messy composition or grammatical errors: this letter is gigantically essential to the up-and-comer, and you should take care to make it look proficient. Reference Letter Examples There are various acceptable formats for reference letters accessible on Business Balls. I’ve included one underneath, which would be proper for a broadly useful reference †in the event that you were composing a reference in your ability as the candidate’s previous manager, you would need to incorporate increasingly explicit subtleties: Date To the responsible party in question I affirm that I have known (name) for (number) years. (State relationship social, business, cooperating in some other limit, club, movement, venture, and so forth.) Consistently I have discovered (name/him/her) to be (state qualities eg, trustworthy, solid, dedicated, reliable, legit, harmony cherishing, polite, and so forth to be as useful as conceivable consider what the peruser will most want to see, regarding fulfilling concerns, or seeing proof of important required aptitudes or attributes). Im glad to give additional data whenever required. (discretionary) Yours loyally, and so on. You can discover instances of full reference letters on About.com’s â€Å"job searching† segment. They list letters suitable for a wide range of circumstances: here’s one from a past manager on the side of a vocation competitor: To Whom it May Concern: I strongly suggest Jane Doe as a possibility for work. Jane was utilized by Company Name as an Administrative Assistant from 2002 2005. Jane was liable for office support including word preparing, booking arrangements and making leaflets, pamphlets, and other office writing. Jane has incredible relational abilities. What's more, she is very composed, solid and PC proficient. Jane can work freely and can finish to guarantee that the activity completes. She is adaptable and ready to take a shot at any task that is relegated to her. Jane rushed to elect to aid different territories of organization tasks, too. Jane would be a colossal resource for your organization and has my most noteworthy suggestion. In the event that you have any further inquiries with respect to her experience or capabilities, kindly don't spare a moment to call me. Genuinely, John Smith Title Organization Address Telephone Email On the off chance that you are as yet uncertain what best to remember for the reference letter, envision yourself in the situation of the candidate’s forthcoming manager, or of the board understanding his/her scholastic application. What data would they have to know? What characteristics would they like their contender to have? Clearly, you ought to never lie or delude in a reference letter, yet you should attempt to concentrate on zones which will give the beneficiary the most valuable data conceivable about the applicant. Video Recap The most effective method to Ask for a Reference Letter In the event that you’re in the situation of requiring a reference from a past boss or from somebody who showed you at school or college, at that point you have to move toward them in a proper manner. â€Å"Appropriate† may be very formal or very casual, contingent upon your relationship with them. For example, if you’re moving toward a teacher who showed you alongside many different understudies and who doesn't have any acquaintance with you well, it’s fitting to be very formal; if you’re moving toward your previous line chief, who you shared evenings out and ends of the week away with for quite a long time, at that point being formal would appear to be oddly aloof. In a genuinely formal setting, you may compose something like this: Dear (name) I trust everything is working out in a good way (at their organization/in their area of expertise). Iâ�

Foreign Policies in the Middle East - 1750 Research Paper

International strategies in the Middle East - 1750 - Research Paper Example Additionally in the wake of clarifying the why perhaps anticipate a future strategy conceivably that could be made not far off or simply give a ramifications from utilizing our rationale on why different strategies were made. The Middle Eastern international strategies are among the most intricate approaches discovered anyplace on the planet. Policymakers in this area have a lot of interior independence in policymaking. Yet, Middle East is an area which has been tormented frequently with issues like insecurity and psychological oppression. This is the reason numerous conclusions that this area is packed with insecure expresses every one of which is experienced with various difficulties. This choppiness or instability assumes a major job in molding international strategies. A wide range of names have been given to these approaches after some time in examine writing from carefully Islamist to Western to common. This exploration paper intends to mark these international strategies as fittingly and impartially as conceivable with the assistance of present day look into. It likewise serves to clarify why international strategies in the Middle East are so immensely influenced by religion. In spite of the fact t hat there is a blend of variables which impacts Middle East international strategies, policymakers have always been unable to overlook the factor of religion which is an amazing methods for controlling or molding the picture of Middle East. A developing collection of research over past numerous years has examined the connection among Islam and local legislative issues of Middle Eastern states. Be that as it may, this exploration can without a doubt profit by all the more enlightening ideas about how strict idea attempts to influence results of these international strategies of various Middle Eastern states. Following conversation means to represent the truth of this case religion emphatically impacts the inner relations of Middle East. It likewise would like to improve comprehension of this connection between the two substances. The nations canvassed in this conversation are Iraq, Kuwait, Egypt, and Syria. Some propose that bringing religion into worldwide relations is certainly not a cutting edge or astute technique, yet the state in the locale of Middle East is different.â Â

The Past and Present of College Admissions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

The Past and Present of College Admissions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions The Past and Present of College Admissions You hear it all the time Back when I was applying to college . Yes, things have changed over the last 20+ years in admissions, but trust me, that is actually not a bad thing in many cases. I am currently reading a book titled Factfulness by Hans Rosling, and he writes about how, in contrast to what some would have us believe, life is a great deal better today as compared to the past. While there are still areas where the world can improve greatly, Rosling shows that in areas ranging from poverty, health, war, food, etc, the world is actually moving in a positive direction. From the admissions side of the table, there have been some amazing improvements over the years. Here are a few things I remember from when I first started working in the UGA Admissions office. There was a point in time when we only accepted paper applications. We would print them out and do a huge mailing in late summer to get the applications out to both students and high schools. This also meant that we needed a large staff of people who did one job, entering in a students biographical data (name, address, school, etc.) into our record system. Every year, we would need to have the printing of the applications bid out (and of course, lowest bidder won the job), and that year, a printing company based out of a state prison won the bid. I can still remember driving to a high school in Louisiana when I got a call from my boss to see if I had heard about the printing issues. A riot had broken out in the prison, and our application print job was on hold due to the issue. Imagine explaining that to students calling in wanting an application sent to them. When you have thousands of paper applications, you need to have a place to put them. Our office had roughly 20-30 six foot high file cabinets for all the application files, and we used bankers boxes (or open lid boxes) to route files by application submission date from one part of the process to the other. Every day when documents came in, we would have to either match them to existing files (by running around and finding the right box) or putting them in the orphan documents bins, which we would then check every day against the new applications for the day. Old methods were not just relegated to the application process. For a long period of time, one state used to require admissions people to bring their own table to every college fair. Luckily, this state was within easy driving distance, and we would just have a card table ready for anyone traveling to that state. The world of google maps on your cell phone roughly ten years ago was a break-through for admission travel, as we survived on three things; Old paper maps that were horrible to fold and did not function well while driving, Mapquest/Garmin, which seemed to get you lost as many times as it helped to get somewhere, and driving around looking for school signs or the lights for the HS football fields. It was even worse in some cities, as I clearly remember visiting schools in New Orleans and having the street dead end at one of the many canals in the city and seeing the high school just across the water. Everything was paper. I mean we were overrun with paper. One record setting year, we came back from the December holiday time to 45 bins of mail. It was ugly. The applications were filled out by hand and sent in by mail, the recommendation letters were all done by hand, the transcripts were mailed in, and even a number of test score results were sent by paper. And then it became a game of find the file so you could add all the paper to the application. Then you add in all the paper we sent out, from postcards letting students know what was missing (and it was out of date immediately due to materials flowing in daily), brochures being mailed out, letters being sent, etc. The worst were decision letters done in house in envelopes that had to be licked. Paper cuts on your tongue are the worst. I almost cried when we got our first real recruitment system that sent out automated emails. I did cry when we got our first batch of peel and close envelopes for acceptance packets. Admissions give-aways are so much better these days. Twenty years ago, the best you would get would be a bumper sticker for your car (not even a static sticker, but an actual bumper sticker) or a pen/pencil with UGA on the side. Now youre getting socks, shirts, backpacks, sunglasses, phone popsockets, stickers, etc. Enjoy it while you can. While college admissions has its challenges, there was a whole other layer of challenges 20 or so years ago. Be glad that you can submit your application online, that test scores and documents can be matched in seconds to your file, and that you can see your admissions status page online. Like Billy Joel sings in Keeping the Faith, cause the good ole days werent always good, and tomorrow aint as bad as it seems.

Make Your Own The Twelve Days of Christmas Coloring Book

Propaganda Techniques Used By Jacques Ellul - 1804 Words

1. According to philosopher Jacques Ellul, â€Å"Propaganda is a set of methods employed by an organized group that wants to bring about the active or passive participation in its actions of a mass of individuals, psychologically, unified through psychological manipulation and incorporated in an organization.† (Bytwerk, 3) Methods of propaganda range from films, such as Leni Riefenstahl s Olympiad and Triumph of the Will, to posters, marches, and sporting events. Propaganda is a means in which a group can control and win the loyalty of its citizens. However, as Ellul states, it is not merely a tool to encourage the unification and support of a group of people, it is to call those people to actively participate in the motives and and beliefs†¦show more content†¦Propaganda does not allow room for intellectual exchange, rather, it tells people this is the ideology, policy, or ethical stance they need to hold if they want to be good people, and citizens. In Leni Riefenst ahl s Triumph of the Will, only a strong, unified Germany is presented, with speeches, rallies, and majestic shots that present a powerful leader at the head of a prideful and perfect nation. Propaganda is persuasion in that anyone watching the film is surely persuaded to sympathize with the Nazi party, who are presented as orderly and civilized, yet strong and brave. However, Triumph of the Will does nothing to persuade skeptical Germans of why they should have supported the Nazi party, or why Jews were being systematically rounded up. Instead, the film leaves out any actions that could have been questioned, and provides no actual, concrete reasons for the necessity of the Nazi party and Hitler’s leadership. It only presents Hitler as a strong leader. Propaganda intentionally commits the shared opinion error. Organizations intentionally assume that every citizen holds the same beliefs and ideologies as they do, and create propaganda that reflects the views of â€Å"all citi zens†. This is a part of the psychological manipulation that propagandists employ. By presenting the truth they want people to universally accept as unchallenged and plain fact, they create a sense of inclusivity. If a person has different viewpoints than what isShow MoreRelatedCentral Themes in the Work of Jacques Ellul708 Words   |  3 PagesJacques Ellul was a professor of history and the Sociology of Institutions on the Faculty of Law and Economic Sciences at the University of Bordeaux. He wrote 58 books and more than a thousand articles over his career, many of which discussed propaganda, the influence of technology on society, and also the correlation between religion and politics. The central theme of Ellul’s work proved to be the threat to human freedom and religion shaped by modern technology. Ellul’s continual concern wasRead MoreCause and Effects of Propaganda Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesNIcole Barts Mrs. Wilson 3B Effects of Propaganda. Throughout history you find that many techniques of propaganda have affected today’s society. Whether it affects it in a good way or a bad way, propaganda is efficacious and does influence the way we think and act. You probably aren’t aware of what sort of propaganda is circling its way around, but once you are, you’ll think â€Å"wow did I really fall for that†? Propaganda is â€Å"information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to helpRead More Hitlers Powerful Leadership Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence people and earn their loyalty. In order to effectively influence people, one must use ethical means of persuasion rather than using unethical forms of coercion and manipulation, as used by Hitler on the German people.      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Hitlers attempt to gain political control and power he used coercion through a process of force and threats to influence people. Coercion is forcing people against their will to do what one wants them to do. Although threats and force can change behaviorRead MoreThe Works Of Anonymous Street Artist1557 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will explore a form of modern day propaganda which is quite controversial, that of the works of anonymous street artist by the name of Banksy. Banksy uses the sides of buildings, streets and bridges as a blank canvas as a social commentary against political issues. Chapter 1 will argue how Banksy’s street art is a form of visual culture and propaganda by defining propaganda and comparing his works to previous examples of visual manipulation in history, such as pro war posters during WorldRead MoreSocial and Political Propaganda Essay1821 Words   |  8 PagesThere are two types of propaganda: sociological propaganda; the sprea ding of an ideology through the mass media, and political propaganda; efforts that are sponsored by governments and political groups that alter a persons’ interests. All propaganda has a direction, and the overall quality determines whether it will have a positive or negative effect over the masses. Our entire nation is a vast propaganda operational system that is greatly linked to education, consumerism and politics. A great dealRead MorePropaganda During World War I1796 Words   |  8 Pages Propaganda in World War I Anthony Morgan Ms. Beck Honors World Cultures Period 7 19 March 2017 Propaganda is defined as the information, ideas, or rumors which are deliberately spread widely to help towards a nation, government, or any type of cause against another. The use of propaganda can be extremely persuasive, if it is used correctly. In the time frame of July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918, the use of propaganda in the world was being used on a global scale. It was being used throughRead MorePropaganda Effects of World War One Essay examples3323 Words   |  14 Pages Propaganda effects of World War I During the early 1900s a new era of warfare emerged as governments began to employ all economic, technological and psychological resources available to defeat their enemies. This concept of Total War altered the direction of humanity and governments understanding in their allocation of resources. This essay will examine the relationship between propaganda used during World War I, its effect on the masses and the absolutely essential need for the success of suchRead MorePropaganda Effects of Wwi3372 Words   |  14 PagesPropaganda effects of World War I During the early 1900s a new era of warfare emerged as governments began to employ all economic, technological and psychological resources available to defeat their enemies. This concept of Total War altered the direction of humanity and governments understanding in their allocation of resources. This essay will examine the relationship between propaganda used during World War I, its effect on the masses and the absolutely essential need for the success of suchRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS

A notion of liberty has been thoroughly Free Essays

Through all the history of the humankind a notion of liberty has been thoroughly researched by the philosophers, politicians and economists. It was often proclaimed to be the most valuable thing a person can possess, but sometimes it was pronounced the greatest enemy of social and political stability. Till nowadays the dwellers of our planet can not agree on the same handling of this notion. We will write a custom essay sample on A notion of liberty has been thoroughly or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s impossible to solve this problem in a short essay, so it should be seen as an attempt to compare different views on this notion. The editors of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Law (1996) explain freedom as an â€Å"enjoyment of the rights enjoyed by others in a society free of arbitrary or unreasonable limitation or interference†. The authors of the WordNet 2.0 presume that liberty is â€Å"personal freedom from servitude or confinement or oppression†. As we can note, the word liberty has different meanings by itself, and driven through the alembic of fancy of everyone who’s interested in the question multiplies the amount of explanations for the notion many times. This is the fact that often causes incomprehension and misunderstandings during discussing it. Liberty has always been highly appreciated by the creative people, such as writers, poets, painters and sculptors etc. For most of them it is an essential condition for the effective work and for the peace of spirit and mind. David Hume notes, that â€Å"†¦the arts and sciences could never flourish, but in a free government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1752) and many of the arist will completely agree with him, as freedom of thoughts and deeds is one of the most important things for them. It’s apparent that an artist cannot create anything of real value when his mind is shackled and when he is told what to do, think or dream about. The deprivation of liberty is often murderous for a creative person. But artists are not the only ones in need of freedom. Ordinary humans, the citizens of their countries also value the liberty highly. John J. Lalor says that it doesn’t take much effort to keep liberty within the bounds with the help of the self-respect, welfare and morality, even when it’s not limited legally. That sounds coherent, as the fact is known that the revolutions do not happen in societies where all of their members possess everything essential. People who have things they value do not rebel against the existing regime. The other way round, those who do not have anything to lose, are always ready to battle. This is the main reason for the dictatorial policy of the poor countries’ leaders. As you can see liberty is one of the vital things the government has to provide to its nation. But considering it, a dilemma appears, a question which was formulated by John Stuart Mill: â€Å"Ought we therefore to lay on no taxes, and, under whatever provocation, make no wars?†(1869). Sure enough it is problematic for the government and folk to reach consensus on where the personal liberty has to give place to the civil duty. The cabinet gives people a right to choose their life-style, education and profession, but at the same time it makes them pay taxes, acquire some compulsory educational level, get the license for driving a car, and when the war comes all the men must go to protect their country from the invasion and occupation. As it was previously noted, not all the people agree on the meaning of the word liberty. Most think it is the right to do the things you want to do unless it doesn’t pinch the rights of the others. But some individuals presume that the liberty they possess gives them the right to do anything they desire, regardless of what other people think of their actions. Murray N. Rothbard asks: â€Å"What, for example, of â€Å"incitement to riot,† in which the speaker is held guilty of a crime for whipping up a mob, which then riots and commits various actions and crimes against person and property?† Politicians, sociologists and social psychologist are still in search of an answer. It has always been a problem when the state is unable to provide its dweller with liberties declared. It often happens that if the person is not the member of the prevailing social, cultural or ethnical group his rights are strictly limited in spite of the existing laws designed to protect them. Bruce Smith in 1887 was sure that the effective majority had the right to do what it wanted to, and it was impossible for the individual to oppress its actions. More than hundred years passed but, ruefully, the situation hasn’t changed a lot. Liberty is not the stable thing that is presented you when you’re born and stays yours to the grave. You have to daily prove you’re worthy to possess it. At this point I agree totally with Bruce Smith who said: †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ principle of individual freedom—which†¦ fired the most noble-minded of our ancestors to rebel against the tyranny of those who won, or inherited, the rights of that conquest—is in imminent danger of being lost to us, at the very hour of its consummation.† Different people value liberty for various reasons. For some of them it’s a warranty that their kids won’t be forced to vote for the person they despise, or pray the gods they do not worship. Some see their liberty in a right to kill and be killed, some want to born as much children as they can handle. It depends on the person really. Anthony Lee Gregory, the American journalist and writer says that liberty is the right to carry any weapon of your choice. You can choose between living your life for yourself and devoting it to the other people’s benefit, between bringing love or hatred to the world around you. So, it’s your turn to choose how to use the liberty you possess. Works cited Mackay, Thomas, ed. various authors. (1891). Plea for Liberty: An Argument Against Socialism and Socialistic Legislation, ch2, 6, New York: D. Appleton and Company Smith, Bruce. (1887).   Liberty and Liberalism: A Protest Against the Growing Tendency toward Undue Interference by the State, with Individual Liberty, Private Enterprise and the Rights of Property, 14, London: Longmans, Green, and Co. Hume, David. (1987). Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary, Part 1, Essay 12, Of Civil Liberty, n.d Lalor, John J. (1899). Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States by the Best American and European Writers, License and Liberty, v.2, p. 266,   New York: Maynard, Merrill, and Co. John Stuart Mill. (1965). On Liberty, ch.2, p.43, London: Longman, Roberts Green Murray N. Rothbard. (1978). For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto, ch.6, p.63, Collier Books, New York Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Law (1996), Freedom, Retrieved October 29, 2004 from the World Wide Web: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/freedom WordNet 2.0. (2003), Retrieved October 29, 2004 from the World Wide Web:   http://www.dictionary.com/browse/liberty Anthony Lee Gregory. (2002). What is liberty?, October 29, 2004 from the World Wide Web:   http://www.anthonygregory.com/whatisliberty.html How to cite A notion of liberty has been thoroughly, Essay examples

A notion of liberty has been thoroughly Free Essays

Through all the history of the humankind a notion of liberty has been thoroughly researched by the philosophers, politicians and economists. It was often proclaimed to be the most valuable thing a person can possess, but sometimes it was pronounced the greatest enemy of social and political stability. Till nowadays the dwellers of our planet can not agree on the same handling of this notion. We will write a custom essay sample on A notion of liberty has been thoroughly or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s impossible to solve this problem in a short essay, so it should be seen as an attempt to compare different views on this notion. The editors of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Law (1996) explain freedom as an â€Å"enjoyment of the rights enjoyed by others in a society free of arbitrary or unreasonable limitation or interference†. The authors of the WordNet 2.0 presume that liberty is â€Å"personal freedom from servitude or confinement or oppression†. As we can note, the word liberty has different meanings by itself, and driven through the alembic of fancy of everyone who’s interested in the question multiplies the amount of explanations for the notion many times. This is the fact that often causes incomprehension and misunderstandings during discussing it. Liberty has always been highly appreciated by the creative people, such as writers, poets, painters and sculptors etc. For most of them it is an essential condition for the effective work and for the peace of spirit and mind. David Hume notes, that â€Å"†¦the arts and sciences could never flourish, but in a free government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1752) and many of the arist will completely agree with him, as freedom of thoughts and deeds is one of the most important things for them. It’s apparent that an artist cannot create anything of real value when his mind is shackled and when he is told what to do, think or dream about. The deprivation of liberty is often murderous for a creative person. But artists are not the only ones in need of freedom. Ordinary humans, the citizens of their countries also value the liberty highly. John J. Lalor says that it doesn’t take much effort to keep liberty within the bounds with the help of the self-respect, welfare and morality, even when it’s not limited legally. That sounds coherent, as the fact is known that the revolutions do not happen in societies where all of their members possess everything essential. People who have things they value do not rebel against the existing regime. The other way round, those who do not have anything to lose, are always ready to battle. This is the main reason for the dictatorial policy of the poor countries’ leaders. As you can see liberty is one of the vital things the government has to provide to its nation. But considering it, a dilemma appears, a question which was formulated by John Stuart Mill: â€Å"Ought we therefore to lay on no taxes, and, under whatever provocation, make no wars?†(1869). Sure enough it is problematic for the government and folk to reach consensus on where the personal liberty has to give place to the civil duty. The cabinet gives people a right to choose their life-style, education and profession, but at the same time it makes them pay taxes, acquire some compulsory educational level, get the license for driving a car, and when the war comes all the men must go to protect their country from the invasion and occupation. As it was previously noted, not all the people agree on the meaning of the word liberty. Most think it is the right to do the things you want to do unless it doesn’t pinch the rights of the others. But some individuals presume that the liberty they possess gives them the right to do anything they desire, regardless of what other people think of their actions. Murray N. Rothbard asks: â€Å"What, for example, of â€Å"incitement to riot,† in which the speaker is held guilty of a crime for whipping up a mob, which then riots and commits various actions and crimes against person and property?† Politicians, sociologists and social psychologist are still in search of an answer. It has always been a problem when the state is unable to provide its dweller with liberties declared. It often happens that if the person is not the member of the prevailing social, cultural or ethnical group his rights are strictly limited in spite of the existing laws designed to protect them. Bruce Smith in 1887 was sure that the effective majority had the right to do what it wanted to, and it was impossible for the individual to oppress its actions. More than hundred years passed but, ruefully, the situation hasn’t changed a lot. Liberty is not the stable thing that is presented you when you’re born and stays yours to the grave. You have to daily prove you’re worthy to possess it. At this point I agree totally with Bruce Smith who said: †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ principle of individual freedom—which†¦ fired the most noble-minded of our ancestors to rebel against the tyranny of those who won, or inherited, the rights of that conquest—is in imminent danger of being lost to us, at the very hour of its consummation.† Different people value liberty for various reasons. For some of them it’s a warranty that their kids won’t be forced to vote for the person they despise, or pray the gods they do not worship. Some see their liberty in a right to kill and be killed, some want to born as much children as they can handle. It depends on the person really. Anthony Lee Gregory, the American journalist and writer says that liberty is the right to carry any weapon of your choice. You can choose between living your life for yourself and devoting it to the other people’s benefit, between bringing love or hatred to the world around you. So, it’s your turn to choose how to use the liberty you possess. Works cited Mackay, Thomas, ed. various authors. (1891). Plea for Liberty: An Argument Against Socialism and Socialistic Legislation, ch2, 6, New York: D. Appleton and Company Smith, Bruce. (1887).   Liberty and Liberalism: A Protest Against the Growing Tendency toward Undue Interference by the State, with Individual Liberty, Private Enterprise and the Rights of Property, 14, London: Longmans, Green, and Co. Hume, David. (1987). Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary, Part 1, Essay 12, Of Civil Liberty, n.d Lalor, John J. (1899). Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States by the Best American and European Writers, License and Liberty, v.2, p. 266,   New York: Maynard, Merrill, and Co. John Stuart Mill. (1965). On Liberty, ch.2, p.43, London: Longman, Roberts Green Murray N. Rothbard. (1978). For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto, ch.6, p.63, Collier Books, New York Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Law (1996), Freedom, Retrieved October 29, 2004 from the World Wide Web: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/freedom WordNet 2.0. (2003), Retrieved October 29, 2004 from the World Wide Web:   http://www.dictionary.com/browse/liberty Anthony Lee Gregory. (2002). What is liberty?, October 29, 2004 from the World Wide Web:   http://www.anthonygregory.com/whatisliberty.html How to cite A notion of liberty has been thoroughly, Essay examples

Auditing and Assurance Securities Exchange

Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Assurance for Securities Exchange. Answer: Introduction Risk can be defined as the possibility of witnessing negative outcomes or attaining unexpected results that might affect the accuracy and efficiency of the decisions taken. Risks are often treated as threats to the accuracy of forecasts made by the management to speculate strategic changes to ensure organisational benefits (Sadgrove, 1997). The case study reveals about certain risks that are associated with Beauty Limited In the following discussion, the risks likely to be faced by the company will be discussed accordingly. Business Risk Identified As the case reveals, the decision to float shares on the Australian Securities exchange has been adopted by Beauty Limited, which is subjected to the risks associated with the fluctuations in the share market trends. It will lead to changes in the value of shares of the company, which might in turn restrict the expected capital inflow. The companys share market performances will also be depended on market perceptions, wherein any unfavourable information about Beauty will reduce the investments made by the public in its freely traded shares. The value of shares will also face issues due to the poor performance of the industry context (ASX, 2016; Dhanorkar, 2014). Beauty may also face problems when planning to buyback class A shares from the public. Decisions taken by the company in future to buyback the shares can create doubts amid the public regarding its governance practices and hence, discourage future investments to the companys shares. In the similar context, at present the company is resorting to extensive use of online selling via its website. As the customers might lack adequate awareness about the quality of products that are available on the website of the company, it might in turn make the customers reluctant to buy the makeup and gift items online. Payment issues and fraudulent activities conducted online are other problems associated with the marketing techniques that in turn pose a certain degree of risk for Beauty. Any sort of delay in the delivery of the products will create negative perceptions among the customers (He Bach, 2014; Bubnjevic, 2011). It also makes the company prone to cyber risks due to use of its websites that include risks of theft of its intellectual property (Director Publications Ltd., 2012). Moreover, the company is presently highly dependent on its suppliers. This in turn also raises risks for its future stability in the supply process, as the suppliers at times, can fail to adhere to the commitment, resulting in poor efficiency of the company to satisfy its customers demands. There can be defects in the quality of the materials supplied or there can be delays, which will cause financial losses and competitive stress for Beauty (Director Publications Ltd., 2012). It might also make the customers dissatisfied and hence, reluctant to buy the products from the company. Impact of the Risks on Financial Statements The business risk associated with Beautys strategic direction is quite likely to create a negative impact on its financial statements. For instance, reduction in the amount of investment on behalf of the public will reduce the amount of share capital in the company balance sheet. This will also cause a reduction in the liability of the company to pay a part of its profits to the shareholders. Negative impacts can also be observed with the rising chances of scarcity of funds to run the business efficiently, as with the listing in the exchange, its capital investments becomes subjected to the performance of the industry as well as the share markets. The company will also becomes more prone to stakeholders perceptions towards its governance practices and credibility, wherein any gap in the communication process will lead to its deteriorating brand image. Fluctuations witnessed in the investments drawn from the public may further drive the company towards accumulating large sums of external borrowings as debts, to meet its obligations. It will further increase the burden of debt on Beauty, as high interest rates have to be paid, disregard of the amount of profits (Piper Weinhold, 2016). The case further reveals that the company has bought back shares of Class A from the public. This will create a fall in the price earning (P/E) ratio. The effect of shares buyback can also be identified with the reduction in the number of outstanding shares. Although it will increase the earnings per share (EPS) of the company, it might also lead to a fall in the P/E ratio (Dobbs Rehm, 2016). Similarly, when concentrating on its use of the e-commerce channels, it can be observed that excessive competition prevails in the market, as many companies have began to sell their products through online websites to add to customers conveniences. It might certainly create a competitive pressure on the company, as it has reduced use of personal selling techniques, which can in turn affect its customer base with the presence of strong substitution effects and higher bargaining power of the customers. This loss will create a fall in the profit and revenue earned by the company in the near future. However, use of company website will save the company from incurring high expenditures on physical advertisements and preserving financial stability in its brick and mortar stores. The uncertainty about product quality in online selling also hints towards a possible challenge for the company that can reduce sales of products and affect its profitability at large. The risk assessment conducted also reveals that the company is prone to supplier risks, which can affect its strategic performances, as suppliers failures to deliver products with quality and on time may lead to hindrances in its performances to balance the supply and demand in the market. It may therefore cause customer dissatisfaction and lead to market risks for the company (Wildgoose, 2014). Conclusions Beauty Ltd. offers a wide range of beauty products and gift items to its customers. Although its overall performances depict its competencies in the present context, its strategic decisions involve certain risk factors, which range from strategic to financial aspects. In order to mitigate these challenges, the company should take required measures to assess and interpret its current financial and strategic positioning. It also needs to speculate future market changes and build stronger association with its stakeholders. The company should also pay greater attentions when selecting its suppliers to ensure than the partners are efficient to meet its requirements. References ASX. (2016). Benefits and risks. Retrieved September 6, 2016, from, https://www.asx.com.au/products/managed-funds/benefits-risks.htm Bubnjevi, D. (2011). Position and role of personal selling in contemporary marketing management. International Symposium Engineering Management and Competitiveness, 371-376 Dhanorkar, S. (2014, Dec 8). Should you invest in low free-float stocks? Retrieved September 6, 2016, from, https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-08/news/56839487_1_public-float-free-float-stocks Director Publications Ltd. (2012). Business risks a practical guide for board members. A Directors Guide, 2-80 Dobbs, R. Rehm, W. (2005, Aug 5). The value of share buybacks. Retrieved September 6, 2016, from, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/the-value-of-share-buybacks He, B. Bach, C. (2014). Influence Factors of Online Shopping, International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 2, 313-320. Piper, T., R., Weinhold, W., A. (2016). How much debt is right for your company? Retrieved September 6, 2016, from, https://hbr.org/1982/07/how-much-debt-is-right-for-your-company Sadgrove, K. (2005). The complete guide to business risk management. England: Gower Publishing, Ltd Wildgoose, N. (2014). Protecting your profits and reputation against supplier failure. Novo, 94-95.

Voter Group Identification free essay sample

Theoretical empirical exploration of three ways that identification with group (religious, economic, political) increases an individuals likelihood of voting. THE ROLE OF GROUP IDENTIFICATION ON A VOTERS DECISION TO CAST A BALLOT Introduction This paper develops and defends the notion that group identification increases the likelihood that an individual will decide to vote (as opposed to deciding not to vote) in any given election. The notion is developed and defended on both theoretical and empirical grounds. The paper itself can be divided into three sections. The first section offers a brief delineation of the Rational Choice and Collective Action models of political/voting behavior, justifying their use in the development of the group identification/decision-to-vote relationship on the grounds that they have been frequently used as explanative frameworks for..

Analysing Changes Needed To Reduce Domestic Violence Social Work Essays

Analysing Changes Needed To Reduce Domestic Violence Social Work Essays Analysing Changes Needed To Reduce Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Analysing Changes Needed To Reduce Domestic Violence Social Work Essay The purpose of this assignment is to foreground the job of domestic force in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. Domestic force is any incident of endangering behavior, force or maltreatment ( psychological, physical, sexual, fiscal or emotional ) between spouses or household members, irrespective of gender or gender ( Hester and Westmarland, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to the British Crime Survey ( 2009 ) there were 293,000 incidents of domestic force in 2008/2009 in the UK. ( Cited by The National Health Service { NHS } , 2009 ) . As domestic force is likely to be under-reported, the true figure for incidents of domestic force is likely much higher. Although both work forces and adult females can be affected, 77 % of those who experience domestic force are adult females. Domestic force is increasing each twelvemonth and alterations need to be addressed shortly in the borough of Barking and Dagenham. This assignment will place why alterations are needed to cut down victims of domestic force in the borough of Barking and Dagenham. The borough has one of the highest rates of domestic force across London with 4,506 incidents reported to the Police in 2009/10. Tackling and cut downing domestic force is one of the cardinal precedences for the Community Safety Partnership and the Council. Domestic force histories for 22 % of notifiable offenses in Barking and Dagenham, and hence poses a serious concern for a alteration ( Barking and Dagenham Domestic Violence Forum, 2009a ) In Barking and Dagenham intoxicant abuse besides impacts on domestic force figures and it is of import that the borough set up schemes that will turn to the injury caused by intoxicant to both culprits and victims of domestic force. Domestic force demands to be addressed because it can hold an tremendous consequence on people A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s mental wellness. It is now good accepted that maltreatment ( both in childhood and in big life ) is frequently one of the chief factor in the development of depression, anxiousness and other mental wellness upsets, and may take to kip perturbations, self-harm, self-destruction and attempted self-destruction, eating upsets and substance abuse ( Golding J 1999, Humphreys et al 2003 ) . Children who live with domestic force are at increased hazard of behavioral jobs and emotional injury, and mental wellness troubles in big life. There should be different attacks in this borough in order to forestall farther exploitation of domestic force. These attacks should affect multi-agency coaction and information-sharing between the constabulary, instruction and wellness attention professionals and societal services. The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham has a Multi Agency Risk Assessment Conference ( MARAC ) which meets on a monthly footing. It addresses the demands of high hazard victims and it besides measures the domestic force repetition exploitation rate. Current public presentation in 2009/2010 is 24 % against an one-year mark of 28 % . This shows that there is much to be done in order to make the one-year mark. ( Barking and Dagenham Domestic Violence Forum, 2009b ) Domestic force affects all societal groups, including rich and hapless, heterosexual, bisexual, transsexual or homosexual people and even kids. Hegarty and Taft ( 2001 ) suggested that adult females will unwrap information about maltreatment more readily if wellness professionals inquire them to. It is of import, hence, that wellness professionals create a private environment where it is safe to speak about force. Work force are besides abused by female spouses. However, domestic force against males is non ever acknowledged ( Lewis and Sarantakos, 2001 ) and small is known about the Numberss of work forces who are abused or treated violently by their spouses. Many of the effects of maltreatment are the same for work forces as for adult females. They are likely to experience profoundly ashamed, frightened, see a loss of self-worth and assurance, feel isolated, guilty and confused about the state of affairs ( Leonard, 2003 ) . The function of wellness professionals A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢ proactive intercession in the early designation of domestic force instances is important for victims and their kids. A survey found that 80 % of adult females in a violent relationship had sought aid from the wellness service at least one time Department of Health ( DH, 2000 ) . Similarly one of the most of import demands of victims flying force is entree to safe, procure lasting lodging, and the function of lodging professionals can help in the initial phases of designation of the issue. Awareness of domestic force through public instruction demands to be raised. Research shows that in the first case, most domestic force victims turn to households and friends for support ( Humphreys, 2000 ) . Increasing the consciousness of domestic force amongst the general populace is hence an of import portion of increasing support for victims. Public information demands to be readily available in different linguistic communications, and be culturally relevant to black and cultural minority communities within the borough of Barking and Dagenham. In order to efficaciously raise consciousness amongst cardinal professionals, domestic force and good pattern preparation must be compulsory. Such preparation must, nevertheless, be supported by the development of clear policies and processs within organisations that set clear criterions of pattern and answerability. Healthcare professionals are the first-line response for many people who experience domestic force ( Du Plat-Jones, 2006 ) . Therefore consciousness should be raised about the issue in pattern and there should be in-depth preparation for wellness professionals with in the borough. Staffs require appropriate preparation and supervising to increase consciousness and cognition of how to recognize and cover with domestic force. Prosecuting with kids and immature people at the earliest chance is important to forestall future domestic force. It is besides of import to supply those populating with domestic force of which kids form the largest group with information and support to better their safety and seek aid. Equally good as safeguarding and advancing the safety of kids, schools need to include domestic force in their course of study scheduling. Domestic force is a cardinal issue in the borough of Barking and Dagenham and in UK as a whole, because it affects the wellness and public assistance of work forces, adult females and kids. It is non restricted to any one group in society. It is of import to educate the populace about the rhythm of force and the serious and durable consequence this has on kids and besides to admit that domestic force against work forces is an increasing wellness issue. All wellness professionals should go actively involved in interrupting the silence environing force, so that they can supply an appropriate and effectual service. There is much work underway to turn to this issue with in the borough in footings of victims and culprits. Whilst good advancement is being made within the borough of barking and Dagenham, there is still important work to be done.

An appeal letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

An appeal letter - Essay Example I was at a coffee shop with a few friends. One of them got a phone call from his girlfriend who was having some issues with some other females. And I was asked to take my friends to the location to try and resolve the situation. Regrettably it turned out to be physical, and I happened to be the driver. Everything seems to collapse after the conviction of the crime. My dream, my ambitions, my bright future were quickly melted. It pains me when I have to reveal this awful time in my life. The conviction is always hunted me in everything that I dealt with, from applying for a job to buying a health insurance, or trying to get certificate license for Massage Therapist. There were times that I was depressed and wanted to give up. But with the comfort from family, advice from friends, and psychologist’s counseling, I stood up after falling down and became a strong man. However, these difficulties awaked my potential for enhancing academic and practical credentials, and provided the opportunity to become a resolute, goal-oriented person. I realized the importance of ‘strict to oneself’. I tried to get back to school and work hard, from a waiter, assembly technician, to a delivery man. I’m now majoring in Education and have completed about 40 units at Ashford University with 1000 hours practicing in massage therapy. My exposure to this practice provided me with a sense of fulfillment, a motivation to gain more knowledge in this field, and most significantly determination what I want to do for rest of my life. Getting the certificate license in massage therapy is the pedal for me to fulfill my dream. I’m not sure if my mistake will be forgiven, but with the ideal that all of us have in mind that we are living in the â€Å"country of opportunities† I’m hoping that the ‘Ethics & Standards Committee’ would allow me to take the exam. Given a chance I would able to fulfill, preserve and cherish the desire to

Thinking and Managing Ethically Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Thinking and Managing Ethically - Essay Example al, 2007). CSR is playing an inevitable part and becoming more and more important in practice. It has an enormous potential to deliver better results while adding to business practices and knowledge. Corporate social responsibility plays a vital role in small and medium enterprises as more than 90 percent of enterprises in Asian Productivity Organization are members of SMEs. Gross domestic product consists of 75 percent of these enterprises (Hassan et. al, 2007). Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) stand for the companies whose turnover lies in certain limits. However, Malaysian SMEs are categorized as per the size, turnover and activity. In broad terms, Malaysian SMEs are defined in two major categories (Saleh et. al, 2006): The 2000 census conducted by the Department of Statistics in Malaysia shows that there were about 20,455 active firms in the manufacturing segment when talking about the total numbers of SMEs. This figure was out of about 44,185 manufacturing firms registered with the Companies Commission of Malaysia (CCM). Textiles and apparel segment contributes the largest segment of about 17 per cent of the total enterprises. Where as, the food and beverages contributes about 14 per cent, metals and metals products contributes 14.3 per cent and wood and wood products contributes 13.6 per cent (Saleh et. al, 2006). The relevant stakeholders who deal with SMEs in Malaysia in any form follows and adopt these standard definitions. The list comprises of various Ministries and Agencies at Federal and State levels of Malaysian Government along with the Statutory Bodies, authorities and financial institutions. They maintain data based on annual sales turnover as well as number of full-time employees in companies

Dynamic Systems Theory and Psychodynamic World View

Dynamic Systems Theory and Psychodynamic World View Emma Levey Psychodynamic world view The psychodynamic view focuses on underlying subconscious and unconscious processes, as well as the conscious. Emphasis is placed on stage progression, overcoming conflicts, and emotions (Miller, 2011, p. 106/134) with the most famous psychodynamic theory being that of Freud (Miller, 2011, p.110). Four criteria will be outlined and illustrated with Freudian examples, before considering whether an article fits within the world view. The first criterion is that of human nature, of which humans are passive and active. Humans are passive due to the role underlying forces play in driving humans to act and they are active through coping with these forces and attempting to obtain and maintain equilibrium through reducing conflict. The ego is the most active personality structure as it self-organises through regulating stimulation arising from the self and the environment, actively deciding the behaviour to exhibit and continuously processing information (Miller, 2011, p. 134). The second criteria concerns qualitative or quantitative development, with both being used in this world view. Qualitative development is shown through in two ways, with the first being that the world view advocates stage development, for example the stages of sexual drive dominance in Freud’s theory. The second way is through acquisition of defence mechanisms and new structures, such as the superego (Miller, 2011, p. 134). However, quantitative change is also possible, as the strength of defence mechanisms and of the structures (such as the ego), can differ which results in potential for quantitative change (Miller, 2011, p. 134). With regards to nature and nurture, the psychodynamic view takes an interactionist stance. Nature is evident via a focus on biological maturation through changes in hormones and biological, unconscious and powerful drives. These drives motivate (e.g. via the Id, Ego and Superego structures) children’s development and behaviour to achieve drive satisfaction (Miller, 2011, p. 111-112). However, nurture-based influences (e.g. parents) also play a part by affecting expression of these nature-based drives. This interaction of nature-based drives and nurture-based constraints dictates drive expression within the environment, with interaction at a young age setting the pattern for learning and coping in later life (Miller, 2011, p. 120, 134-135). Nurture effects are seen to be more important in the first five years of life than later life as the child is particularly impressionable at this time (Miller, 2011, p. 135). The final criteria is teleology. Development is seen to have an endpoint (Dixon Lerner, 1999), which in Freud’s theory is maturation, and is unidirectional as it progresses towards this endpoint. Regression through stages is possible and often frequent, occurring when anxieties become too difficult to cope with (Dixon Lerner, 1999; Miller, 2011, p. 115). Finally, causality is multidirectional due to the interactional effects of nature and nurture resulting in a causal effect on development. Salvatore, S., Eleonora, L. P., Marco, L. (2013). Trauma and the Father Image: Fantasies and Complexes in the Rorschach Test. The Open Psychology Journal, 6, 1-5 doi: 10.2174/1874350101306010001. In the interpretation of the Rorschach test, the features of the table IV inkblot evoke a dimension of authority, morals and related emotions. Interestingly, the father figure is related to ego development and also guides towards maturity via more evolved emotions such as feelings of shame and guilt. In some cases these feelings are found to be lacking in adults experiencing depression. The aim of this work is to analyze the relationship between the representational world in relation to the father figure and depressive mood disorders. The group of subjects is composed of 25 patients who had a psychiatric diagnosis of Depressive episode. The presence of specific phenomena brings out the complexes, the uneasy and conflictual relationship with the father figure submerged in the unconscious thus emerges. Shock is thereby manifested in relation to the black in which the large, dark, and blurred stimulus is perceived as sinister, threatening and dangerous. The trauma emerges in the result of a relationship with a father who has not allowed the child to manage similarities and differences. From the nature of the answers of the Rorschach protocols, it emerges that the symbolic abilities of subjects are not fully developed or have been attacked by an early trauma. Human nature in this article was both active and passive. Passive nature is shown by the example of the unconscious drives as â€Å"The presence of specific phenomena brings out the complexes, the uneasy and conflictual relationship with the father figure submerged in the unconscious thus emerges† (Salvatore, Eleoniora Marco 2013, p. 1); with the â€Å"specific phenomena† in this case being the inkblot used to elicit an underlying response concerning the father. Human nature is active through participants â€Å"subjectively organizing the content and form of the stimuli presented to him† (2013, p. 1). Active self-organization is shown through dealing with the self (e.g. father anxiety) and the external inkblot stimulus which enables participants too actively â€Å"express his feelings and give shapes and meaning to what he sees† (2013, p. 1). The active environment can be seen in the Rorschach test which â€Å"prompts the translation of things and feelin gs into words† and due to the external father’s negative influences on â€Å"space for the imagination† resulting in the statement that â€Å"symbolic abilities of subjects are not fully developed† (2013, p. 1-2). In this retrospective study, neither qualitative nor quantitative change was considered, so speculation into both should be done. Potential evidence for qualitative change concerns the inkblot used, which requires a developed imagination ability due to its intensity. Thus, use of this inkblot is linked with â€Å"the emergence of a new level of mental functioning† and the acquisition of a new qualitative skill, â€Å"the ability to imagine† (Salvatore et al., 2013, p. 1). Other qualitative change could be the development of a new defence mechanism to aid coping with negative father experience. Quantitative change could concern an increase or decrease in ego strength, as a result of the father being â€Å"related to ego development† (2013, p. 2). Thirdly, Salvatore and colleagues (2013) emphasize nurture through their focus on father influence. The inkblot used evokes â€Å"father figure symbolization† with the father’s importance shown as he becomes â€Å"the receptacle holding the feeling of omnipotence† (Salvatore et al., 2013, p. 1). The importance of early nurture experience is shown as the â€Å"compromised paternal representation, formulated in the inner world at an early age† influences adulthood as it exists timelessly in the â€Å"perpetuated unconscious† (2013, p. 5). Also, participants lacked symbolic ability due to â€Å"an early trauma† emerging as â€Å"the result of a relationship with a father† (2013, p. 1). As nature is not directly considered, one potential way in which its effects could be seen concerns the participants with depression and the fathers relation to ego development via more evolved emotions, which are â€Å"lacking in adults experiencing depre ssion† (2013, p. 2). As depression is a chemical imbalance, this could be seen as a mediation effect of nature (via depression), upon evolved emotions influenced by the father (nurture) resulting in less advanced development due to this interaction. Concerning teleology, it can be implied that maturity is considered to be the developmental endpoint as the father figure and his relationship with the ego â€Å"guides towards maturity† (Salvatore et al., 2013, p. 2). This also implies unidirectional development, as development proceeds towards maturity. In contrast with the criterion, the article advocates unidirectional causality as it focuses on early father impact upon progression towards maturity â€Å"as the father figure (†¦) guides towards maturity via more evolved emotions such as feelings of shame and guilt,† and no mention is made of causality derived from the person (2013, p. 1). This may be due to the retrospective nature of the study as participants are purely reflecting on their relationships with their fathers. Also, no explicit mention of regression is made. In conclusion, the article of Salvatore and colleagues (2013) is psychodynamic due to its acknowledgement of various required criteria, such as human nature. However, for it to completely fit in the world view it also should have considered, multidirectional causality, regression and explicitly considered qualitative and quantitative change within the study. Dynamic Systems Theory Dynamic systems theory (DST) is a holistic view due to behaviour only being understood through considering the multiple and mutual interaction of all system levels in self-organizing systems, with the organism-in-context as the unit of analysis (Miller, 2011, p. 414). Four DST criteria will be presented and an article which fits within DST presented and discussed. In DST, human nature is active and inseparable from the active environment, and thus the person and environment should not be considered separate due to their constant interaction within the developmental system. The active individual is shown through its ability to construct behaviour through experience within a part of the larger system (Miller, 2011, p. 421) and also through self-organisation (change through the organisms own activities) (Thelen Smith, 2006, p. 259 cited in Lerner, Lewin-Bizan Warren, 2011, p. 28). The environment is active through the role of experience and its participation with the organism in mutual interaction. This interaction is important in determining development as the environmental task and the motivations and skills of a person both control and influence the developing factor at a certain time and situation, within the larger system. The second criteria concerns change, which is constant, given and based upon the continuous interaction of the individual and the environment. Change can be on a small or large scale, with smaller scale change having the potential to cause large scale system changes. It is also considered on a moment-to-moment time scale or over a longer period (Miller, 2011, p. 417). Change can be quantitative and qualitative, although qualitative change often results due to an accumulation of underlying quantitative change until a critical threshold is passed, resulting in a novel qualitative skill emerging (Miller, 2011, p. 417, 421). The third criteria concerns the nature nurture distinction, which is redundant due to DST’s interactionist stance (Thelen Smith n.d, cited in Lerner et al., 2011, p. 28; Miller, 2011, p. 418). As such, nature and nurture are equally important in development as change occurs due to the organism-context relation. Developmental diversity is the result of differences in the timing of this interaction (Lerner et al., 2011, p. 29). The final criteria is teleology. Regression is seen as possible because the system can regress to a previous attractor state if required. Multiple possible endpoints exist due to the infinite ways in which system parts can combine and result in developmental paths (Thelen Smith, 1998, 2006 cited in Lerner et al., 2011, p. 30). Both the ability to regress and the concept of multiple end points suggests multidirectional development. Finally, causality is configural as development concerns bidirectional relationships â€Å"within and across fused levels of organisation† which change over time (Lerner et al., 2011, p. 29). Granic, I., O’Hara, A., Pepler, D., Lewis, M. D., (2007). A Dynamic Systems analysis of parent-child changes associated with successful â€Å"real-world† interventions for aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 845-857. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9133-4. Studies have shown that improved parenting mediates treatment outcomes for aggressive children, but we lack fine-grained descriptions of how parent–child interactions change with treatment. The current study addresses this gap by applying new dynamic systems methods to study parent–child emotional behavior patterns. These methods tap moment-to-moment changes in interaction processes within and across sessions and quantify previously unmeasured processes of change related to treatment success. Aggressive children and their parents were recruited from combined Parent Management Training and Cognitive-behavioral programs in â€Å"real world† clinical settings. Behavioral outcomes were assessed by reports from parents and clinicians. At pre- and post-treatment, home visits were videotaped while parents and children discussed consecutively: a positive topic, a mutually unresolved problem, and another positive topic. Results showed that significant improvements in chil dren’s externalizing behavior were associated with increases in parent–child emotional flexibility during the problem-solving discussion. Also, dyads who improved still expressed negative emotions, but they acquired the skills to repair conflicts, shifting out of their negative interactions to mutually positive patterns. The article fits in with the criteria of human nature as it constantly considers the parent (environmental influence)-child interactions throughout the study, with â€Å"The parent-child interactions of children who showed clinically significant improvements (IMPs) were compared to those of children who did not improve (NIMPs)† (Granic et al., 2007, p. 847). This therefore shows parent and child to be equally important and inseparable as the analysis focuses on their interaction instead of separate effects. Another example of the environment and the child as inseparable and active is flexibility, â€Å"the ability to shift from one emotional state to another according to contextual demands (2007, p. 846). This shows the active child’s role in shifting emotional states and the environment’s role as a trigger. One way in which the article adheres to DST’s concept of change concerns real-time interactions, which are â€Å"the proximal engines of development† (Granic et al., 2007, p. 846), showing this moment-to-moment change to be important. This is further supported by tmeasurement of â€Å"moment-to-moment changes in interaction processes with and across sessions† (2007, p. 845). Granic and colleagues used multiple time scales by also focusing on a longer twelve week period, showing a focus on continuous change (2007). Both qualitative and quantitative change are evident. Quantitative change can be seen in the measurement of increases or decreases in anti-social behaviour across pre- to post- treatment. Qualitative differences were shown as â€Å"children were classified as â€Å"Improvers† (IMPs) or â€Å"Non-Improvers† (NIMPs) based on a combination of the information† from the two quantitative measures (2007, p. 850). Thus, children’s qu alitative improvement status in anti-social behaviour was determined by quantitative changed in measure scores passing a threshold (e.g. 20 points reduction in one measure) to determine which group they were classified as. The interaction of nature and nurture, required for the third criteria of DST, is also shown in this article, as it focuses upon â€Å"how parent-child interactions change with treatment† (Granic et al., 2007, p. 845) thus showing an integration of child and environment (in the form of the mother and the effect on the treatment). These interactions were the main focus in the study, showing there to be an interaction between nature and nurture in explaining the behaviour targeted in the article (anti-social behaviour) as the researchers applied â€Å"dynamic systems methods to study parent-child emotional behavioural patterns† (2007, p. 845), as â€Å"parent-child interactions were observed and videotaped† (2007, p. 848). The final criteria is teleology. Despite there being no specific reference to multiple end points, it was suggested that of an infinite number of combinations of system parts is possible, as â€Å"the dyad’s trajectory(†¦) is plotted in real time on a grid representing all possible behavioral combinations†, suggesting multiple developmental paths with different endpoints (Granic et al., 2007, p. 850). Regression was considered as whilst IMPs showed increased flexibility from baseline, NIMPs showed a â€Å"decrease in flexibility†(2007, p. 854). Multidirectionality of development is also seen due to the ability to regress and also because state-space grids â€Å"were constructed separately for each dyad†, showing different trajectories (2007, p. 850). Finally, bidirectional, configural causality was shown as behaviour improvements were â€Å"associated with increases in parent-child emotional flexibility† with the consideration that â€Å"recip rocal parent-child warmth and affection may be a cause of improvements in children’s aggressive behaviour† (2007, p. 845/854). This showed parent (environment) and child to exert an interactional causal effect on externalizing behaviour. In conclusion, the above article fits within the DST world view due to its consideration of the environment and a child as a constant interaction, its focus on multiple change time scales, nature-nurture interaction, and its multidirectional view on causality and development. References Dixon, R. A., Lerner, R. M. (1999). A history of systems in developmental psychology. In M.H. Bornstein, M.E. Lamb (Eds.) Developmental Psychology: An advanced textbook. Fourth Edition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Granic, I., O’Hara, A., Pepler, D., Lewis, M. D., (2007). A Dynamic Systems analysis of parent-child changes associated with successful â€Å"real-world† interventions for aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 845-857. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9133-4 Lerner, R.M., Lewin-Bizan, S., Warren, A.E.A. (2011). Concepts and theories of human development. In M.H. Bornstein, M.E. Lamb, (Eds.) Developmental Science: An advanced textbook. Sixth Edition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Miller, P. H. (2011). Theories of Developmental Psychology. New York, NY : Worth. Salvatore, S., Eleonora, L. P., Marco, L. (2013). Trauma and the Father Image: Fantasies and Complexes in the Rorschach Test. The Open Psychology Journal, 6, 1-5 doi:10.2174/1874350101306010001

Is It Necessary to Have a Debut?

They say, when you reach the age of eighteen, you will be on the legal age. You are free to decide everything that you want; free to go on adults places and be who you wanted to be. It is also in this age that every teenagers long for. That is why; having a debut is one way of celebrating this occasion. But is it really necessary for us to have this? For my own perspective, having a debut on your legal day is something that is not necessary in our life. I understand that we celebrate our 18th birthday through because you have this reason that is your way of showing you are very grateful that you have finally reached this age. But isn’t it too expensive to have this? Is it really important that you have these 18 candles and 18 roses on that day? Can we just show our gratitude in just a simple dinner shared with our family? Don’t get wrong, when I was on this age. I was also grateful that I celebrated my birthday having a debut party with my friends. To tell you honestly, it was not me or my family who organized it. It was my college friends. It was a surprise for me. And just by being frank, that was the first birthday in my life that I wasn’t with my family but it was very unforgettable day. I never planned to have a debut nor ever dreamed of having one. It’s just that God might put me into a place where I am being valued. And it is something that I am thankful of. For the details of my debut, I have also these 18 candles and 18 roses. Instead of having a dance with these 18 handsome boys, who are my friends, they sang a song which will represent our love and friendship for each other. They planned everything on my birthday. From the dress I wore on that day to the car I rode on that place and to the food we’ve ate. Everything was so perfect. Except that my family is not there. Oh I forgot to tell you. They’ve also invited some of my High school friends. That was really surprising. Though they don’t know each other, they still managed to plan everything for a surprise. One year later, it was my birthday again; I will be on the age of 19. But what I realized is that being 19 have no difference when you are 18. Except that you have added 1 more year in your life. Some of my friends have already forgotten my birthday. They will no longer remember it unless they’ve seen it on Facebook. At this point, I thought about having a debut is not necessary. We can be as grateful as we are in our everyday life. We can thank everyone not only in our 18th birthday but we can have it every day. We may not have everything that we want on our birthday but at least we may have nothing.

First Time in Church

Theological foundation 100 February 13, 2013 Reflection Paper #1 The content of the worship is very different from the way I am used to in Islamic mosques. The priests started by saying â€Å"We bless ourselves for prayer in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit† and the crowd responded with an Amen, and then a person started to read from the bible. Every time the priest or the person finished the reading, people said â€Å"The word of the Lord. † People kept repeating what the priest was saying until he started to read the Gospel.When he stared reading the Gospel, people crossed themselves on the forehead, the lips and the chest with their thumbs to show that Christ is on their mind. Then the priest started to bless the bread and wine, and every person got to drink and eat from them. Then the priest asked people to show a sign of peace by greeting people who are next to each other saying â€Å"Peace be with you. † At the end, the Priest blessed eve ryone and ended the Mass by telling people to go forth and spread the word, and the response was â€Å"Thanks be to God. Music was played for most of the time during the mass. The songs played were in fact really pleasant to listen to and reassuring. The orchestra was behind the stage, so it was almost impossible for people to see them playing the music, and I think it is the way it is just to prevent any distraction to people. I was not actually sure that the songs were in English because I did not understand what the crowd was saying although I had the notes I was given when I entered the church. I actually had a wonderful experience in the Catholic Church.Although I was so nervous and did not expect to be amazed by Christianity at all, there were several things that I really liked and wished that everyone even non-Christians considered to do as human beings. When the priest asked the people to show peace and great each other, everyone looked around him and started to hug the per son next to him saying â€Å"peace with you†. These three words have a great impact on any person who hears them, and makes him feel that he is loved by others and a part of a community.Although no one probably knew the other, they were ready to prove that they are united despite the differences between them. There were many times where I was confused and did not understand what other people were doing. First of all, I did not understand what everyone was singing nor the words repeated after the priest. The songs for some reason did not sound English at all; I wish I could understand them because they were really amazing. Secondly, I did not get the part of blessing the bread and wine. n other words, why would People wait in line just to get one piece of bread to eat? What is so special about it? Also, when getting the piece of bread, the priest was holding people’s heads and repeating some words, and then they crossed on their heads and chests, why is that and what ex actly did the priest say? Lastly, when people were on their way out of the church, they immersed their fingers in the water in the small fountain in front of the exit and crossed again on their head and chest.I did not know why people did that especially nothing seemed unique in the water. After everyone was gone, my friends and I interviewed the leader of the mass. Honestly, I do not know what his name was but he was such a nice person. The clothes he was wearing helped me to distinguish which one was the priest among the people even before the mass started. I expected the priest to be wearing a black dress because this is what I had seen priests wearing, but this priest was wearing a white dress and another green dress above it to distinct him from the other people.Amazingly, he was not wearing any hat like most priests in other churches do, which is a bit strange because I thought all priests wear hats. He was really nice and welcomed us to ask him any question him we had in mind . His broad definition of grace was â€Å"the undeserved love of God. ’’ It is the kindness from God we do not deserve; there is nothing we have done, nor can ever do to earn this favor. From interviewing two of my Christian friends, they both defined grace as the favor that God gave to humanity by sending Jesus Christ to die on a cross, and delivering eternal salvation.Finally, I could not ask the priest many questions because he seemed busy, and I actually was so nervous to keep the talking going. Instead, I just ask one of my friends to tell me about his experience with how god’s grace has changed his live. He said that God’s grace has helped him feel so much better about himself and made him feel strong, confident, and happy. He said that he always trusted god whenever he had troubles, and his life was transformed significantly. He did not know how exactly he overcomes his troubles and depression, but believed that god’s love and power always helped him.

The Murder Of Emmett Till - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 725 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/15 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Emmett Till Essay Did you like this example? Because if we in America have reached the point in our desperate culture where we must murder children, no matter what reason or what color, we dont deserve to survive and probably wont. ?†¢ Timothy B. Tyson. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Murder Of Emmett Till" essay for you Create order The Emmett Till death situation changed a lot of lives in 1955 till this day. There has been many situations where African-American kids or young men have been killed for small things. The cause of all this is lynching and de facto segregation. A few effects are major. Forces people to acknowledge at racism when his mother had an open casket of him, helped black community unite as a black people, and has powerful influence on the world today. By law it was illegal to have an open casket ,but his mom was determined to have it. One of the reasons they didnt want her to open the casket was because of the stench, because of the smell.   She said it herself, she wanted to world to see what those men had done to her son because no one would have believed it if they didnt the picture or didnt see the casket. No one would have believed it. When they saw what happened, this motivated a lot of people that were standing, what we call on the fence, against racism. It encouraged them to get in the fight and do something about it. Many say that that was the beginning of the civil rights era. We as African-Americans or black people were already fighting for equality ,yet this helped bring together the whole nation. Including whites, Jews, Italians, and even Irishmen jumping in the fight, saying that racism was wrong. Legally colored people were freed In 1863 ,but throughout the world we are still in search of equality til this day. After the lynching of Till and his killer being let off this started a monumentis movement. The momentum and mobilization that followed Tills murder fed the next stage of the movement. One hundred days after his death Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery city bus and was arrested for violating Alabama bus segregation laws. Which soon lead to a calling for a citywide bus boycott in which affected the world. Coming only one year after the Supreme Courts landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education mandated the end of racial segregation in public schools, Tills death provided an important catalyst for the American civil rights movement. Tills lynching united in grief, solidarity and anger the black communities of Mississippi and Chicago. For many years nearly 200 anti lynching bills were presented to the congress and they were all turned down or blocked. The lynching Emmett gave the NAACP a much better vehicle for its anti-lynching campaign. Sixty years later, at a time when race relations are once more at the front of the American minds, Tills name is still invoked as a reminder of the worst consequences of ignoring the problem. Not coincidentally, his story has inspired a resurgence of interest from historians and scholars. Emmett Till is historical figure around the world.   His casket got donate to the Smithsonian people are going to come from all over the world. Theyre going to view this casket, and theyre going to ask questions. Whats the purpose of it? Young kids will get a chance to hear the story. Then theyll be able to perhaps, a lot of these young kids perhaps, they will dedicate their lives to law enforcement or something like that. They will go out and do their best to help the little guys that cant help themselves. Because in Mississippi, in 1955, we had no one to help us, not even the law enforcement. No one to help us. I hope that this will inspire our younger generation to be helpers to one another. Sa id in an interview by his cousin Simeon Wright. Now during this time we are going through modern day lynchings. With the police killing blacks and getting away with it. We have came a long way in history as a people ,but we have to keep fighting for equality. Like Mr. Wright said it start with the younger generation. We need to fight to get a better population of black lawyers, judges, congress, etc. This would make people like Mamie Till and her family proud.