Role Of A Lawyer In Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role Of A Lawyer In Business - Essay Example Provision of ideas to the client- The lawyer may provide the necessary ideas and the advice to the client. However, the nature and the type of advice may differ depending upon the type of the client. In certain areas, the client may be extremely knowledgeable exhibiting complete mastery over the particular issue. In those cases, the advice may be limited to certain trivial and core operational areas. On the other hand, there are certain businesses where the lawyer assumes a much larger role when compared to the current role. As for example, in the areas where the business is dependent on the IPR (Intellectual Property Rights), the legality of the case become increasingly important. Thus, in cases like this, the lawyer basically plays the role of a business advisor. Other areas that can be included in the following gamut are the businesses that run out of multiple countries or sell products in multiple countries. Implementation of the determined business objectives- The successful operation of any business is dependent on the achievement of the stipulated business objectives. The attainment of those business objectives is a function of proper business decisions in the relevant areas. The lawyer has to get a fair idea about the long term goals, the mission, the vision and the objectives of the business. This may help in the determination of proper steps towards the outcome. The financial implication can also be better understood if the lawyer devises the proper strategy and the roadmap for the same. This will help the businesses to determine what is important, what is relevant and what could be used to achieve those objectives. The lawyer should help in demarcating the business issues from the legal issue so that the necessary steps could be taken without any problem. The lawyer could also look into the possible alternatives for running any business. Thereby, all the stop gap arrangements coul d be done to ensure that the business keeps on running. Protection of the interests of the client- The first and the foremost responsibility of all the lawyers is to protect the interest of the clients. The interests of the clients are varied and different. Therefore, the necessary areas of the contention are also different. The lawyer must always ensure that the proper directions are given to the client. Limitation of risk to the client- One of the most important activities of the lawyer is to ensure that the risk to the business is mitigated at all costs. All the measures should be taken by the lawyer to see that at any point of time, the business does not suffer any kind of loss. The lawyer and the business head must be able to develop a consensus on the business needs. This includes two steps, looking at the ability to diminish the effects of the quantitative risk and the effects of the risk on the business. Therefore, this complete procedure ensures that the clients and the ind ividuals are on the same page in terms of the proliferation of business.

Management of Production and Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management of Production and Operations - Essay Example The idea of having a supply chain within management became of immense importance in the beginning of the 20th century, when assembly lines were created. However it was not until the 1980s that the phrase SCM was by a consultant in the U.S. industry coined. The characteristics of the creation era of SCM include the need for re-engineering, large-scale changes, downsizing and extensive attention accorded to the practice of management by the Japanese (Lavassani et al., 2008b). The Integration era of SCM studies was brought around by Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems developments which occurred from the 1960s-1990s due to the launching of the Enterprise Resource Planning systems (Lavassani et al., 2008b). Given the advancement in collaborative systems that is internet based, the Integration era has continued to develop. It is characterized not only by cost reduction using integration but by the increase in value addition as well. Globalization era is the third movement of SCM development. The attention accorded to global systems dealing with supplier relationships and the getting bigger of organizations’ supply chains across national boundaries into other continents is what characterizes this era. The supply chain of organizations, especially those organizations in the oil industry, started using global sources several decades ago. However it was not until the late 1980s that global sources were integrated into the core businesses of considerable numbers of organizations according to Lavassani et al. (2008b). The globalization of SCM in organizations with the aim of boosting their value addition, competitive advantage and cost reduction through global sourcing is what characterizes the globalization era. Phase one of the specialization era revolves around Outsourced Manufacturing and Distribution (OMD). Adoption of a specialization era and renewed focus on core

How Did Napoleon Create And Maintain Power History Essay

How Did Napoleon Create And Maintain Power History Essay In George Orwells famous novel Animal Farm, Napoleon used many tools of propaganda to gain power and control over the farm. The sheep perhaps were his most important tools throughout the novel. They were, without doubt, a deciding factor in Napoleons rise to power. From the very start Napoleon had been an obvious leader among the pigs because he was well known for getting things his own way. By contributing to the various debates that took place in animal farm, he often received lots of attention from the animals. He also gained support from some animals that were too shy to express themselves; he connected with them and persuaded them to share his views. Hence, he became a representative of these animals. Napoleon also used propaganda in various situations to gain power. The sheep were the most susceptible to these methods and were a great help to his campaign. Snowball, the other pig who shared the position of leadership with him did not agree with him on many occasions. However, naturally he was a good speaker and could easily reach the animals minds and gain support with his speeches alone. So, Napoleon trained the liable sheep to start chanting their favourite slogan four legs good, two legs bad at crucial parts of Snowballs speeches to drown him out, which made it incredibly difficult for him to express his point of view to them. Because of this, Snowball could not gain much support which was exactly what Napoleon wanted. All Napoleon had to do was to put down Snowballs ideas to gain support as the animals could not be convinced by Snowball if they could not listen to him. Napoleon gained total control over animal farm through exiling Snowball. Regardless of Napoleons efforts, Snowball managed to get most of the animals support on the matter of the windmill. Napoleon knew Snowball was a great threat to his position. If Napoleon did not act soon, Snowball would soon become the undisputable leader of Animal Farm. So he got rid of this threat. Using the dogs he had secretly trained, he banished Snowball from the farm. Without Snowball around, Napoleon became the undisputed leader himself. He then banned the debates and told the animals they would follow orders instead. He did this so the animals would be powerless in any decisions made on the farm. Napoleon would be running the farm without anyone there to disagree with any decisions he made. He later sent Squealer to justify his actions. Squealer twists the truth with lies to confuse the animals to think Napoleon was right in exiling Snowball. Some phrases he uses are; Do not imagine leadership is a pleasure and it is a deep and heavy responsibility [1]. These make Napoleon seem sacrificial, which will help gain the animals sympathy. He also uses the animals fear of Jones coming back to persuade them that Napoleon is right. He creates power using many methods. Making the animals March past Old Majors skull is reinforcing his leadership and also allies himself with the loved pig. It makes the animals respect the new leader as much as the old leader. In Napoleons speeches he uses the word sacrifice and own contribution to make the animals think that what they are doing is for a greater cause which convinces them to sacrifice for the greater good. Napoleon uses Squealer to explain anything and everything to avoid making mistakes himself. Squealer uses complicated vocabulary which the simple-minded animals do not understand. When the animals protest, squealer quickly persuades them with help from the threat of violence from the dogs; it makes the animals stop with their complaints. The sheep are then used to ease the mood by bleating their slogan. It is then not possible for the animals to protest again. Throughout the novel, it becomes routine for the dogs to be seen in public with Napoleon to reinforce hi s power through violence. Napoleon also makes the animals work so hard that they are so tired and they forget how they are being turned into slaves by their leader Napoleon. They also have no time to consider rebelling against him. He does this by making the animals build the snowballs windmill that he considered useless when snowball thought of it. To explain this, he tells the animals that it was originally his idea. Napoleon exploits the animals weaknesses. When he changes the seven commandments to justify his actions, the animals are doubtful because they remember that the seven commandments were different. However Squealer tells them that they are wrong and it is just a figment of their imagination. The animals think that if napoleon says so then he must be right and so they let him get away with it. Napoleon is an opportunist. When he realises that he can turn a situation, whether good or bad, to his advantage, he does without a second thought about whom or what might have to be removed in order for him to succeed. For example, when the windmill collapses, he tells that Snowball destroyed it and turns the animals against him. From that point onwards he makes Snowball a scapegoat. Whenever something goes wrong, it is because of Snowball. This makes the animals feel that they are lucky to have Napoleon as a leader. It is also an easy way out as it keeps the animals from finding out who is really to blame. This reinforces Napoleons leadership position as he will not be blamed for anything that goes wrong and creates the vision that Napoleons is a perfect leader. With his decision regarding the timber, he uses Snowball to back him up. Since the animals are against him, the farm he is not selling to will have Snowball hiding there. This makes the animals support his decision. He maintains power through various means. By rarely appearing in public he makes it seem that he has more important matters than the animals and that they should be lucky when he does appear. Through the various killings, he eliminates anyone who is a likely threat to his leadership such as the four porkers. The others who are killed had always angered him in some way or form, such as the hens who decided to rebel; they were killed as a warning not to disobey him. At the same time, he further destroys Snowballs reputation by making the animals confess that he was planning to kill napoleon. By using statistics, another form of lies, he convinces the naÃÆ'Â ¯ve animals that the farm has grown and flourished under his rule, again making him appear an admirable leader. There are other methods he uses to maintain power. He is given tittles like Protector of the sheepfold to make the animals see his acts of sacrifice and his birthday is celebrated which makes him appear like a god, as the animals must celebrate the day he was born to thank god for his birth. He even has a poem about his greatness inscribed on the wall with a portrait of him next to it just opposite the seven commandments. This makes him appear as powerful as the very principles of animalism. He is guarded by dogs and has a food taster so that he cannot be poisoned. He spreads rumours about the terrible state that the animals on other farms are kept to make the animals feel privileged to be in animal farm. He shows his brilliance by letting the animals see the banknotes he traded for the timber. This shows the animals that there are many luxuries to be gained under napoleons rule. He makes everything seem like a victory to cover up his mistakes and to keep the animals from blaming him. An example would be the blowing up of the windmill. It makes the animals feel that although there was a slight loss they still won. This can be seen when he uses the phrase readjustments instead of reductions [1] to make reducing of food seem not too bad. There are more celebrations to cover up the animals hunger and needs. Animal farm is also proclaimed as a republic, with Napoleon as its president to make it appear as if he is just watching over the animals and not controlling them. He allows Moses to remain when he returns as he spreads false hope which makes the animals continue labouring, hoping that if life is bad now, maybe one day, Moses stories might come true and life will be better. When Boxer, the highly respected horse and role model among the animals is taken away to be slaughtered, the animals are told that he received the best medical care available but was unable to be kept alive. Boxers death is then manipulated to Napoleons advantage. Napoleon tells the animals that Boxers last words were Napoleon is always right. Since this was one of Boxers favourite mottos, it is a likely lie. The animals then make this their own motto to respect their beloved Boxer. This works out incredibly well for Napoleon. Napoleon was a treacherous character and very much an opportunist of the worst kind. He used brilliance, cunning, treachery, propaganda and many other tools to gain, create and maintain power. Animal farm remained under his tyranny throughout the entire novel.

Coronary Artery Disease with a Primary Comorbidity of Type II Diabetes

Rob Geis is a 65-year-old Hispanic male from Cleveland, Ohio. He and his wife were visiting friends in Jacksonville as part of a multi-stop Florida vacation. Rob was brought to the emergency department of St. Vincent Medical Center’s Southside location on the evening of January 27, 2014, by ambulance after he experienced a total loss of consciousness while dining at a restaurant with his wife and a group of friends. Rob has no recollection of the event. His wife reported he stumbled as he was returning from the restroom, but did not fall and was able to make it into his chair at the table. She noticed he did not look well and he was pale. Once he was seated â€Å"his head kept dropping and then he lost consciousness for a few seconds.† His wife said he appeared very gray and sweaty. The emergency responders reported Rob had a low respiratory rate during assessment at the scene. Rob Geis reported he has never before had an episode of syncope. He denied having any heart palpitations, chest pains, or shortness of breath prior to losing consciousness. Prior to the episode he experienced no diaphoresis, fever, chills, dizziness, headache, or neck pain or stiffness. He also had no nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, hematuria, dysuria, focal weakness, or sensory changes. Also, there were no witnessed indications of seizure activity. Prior to the episode Rob Geis had an active day playing golf with friends and had consumed several alcoholic beverages, but these are not unusual activities for him. Rob reported he had experienced upper back pain, which is uncommon for him, while playing golf. His upper back pain had dissipated prior to the episode of syncope. Rob also reported that approximately ... ...& K.L. McCance (Eds.), Understanding pathophysiology (5th ed., pp. 447-476). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Little, T.K. (2013). Assessment of the Cardiovascular System. In D.A. Ignatavicius & M.L. Workman (Eds.), Medical-surgical nursing: Patient centered collaborative care (7th ed., pp. 686-710). St. Louis, MO: Saunders O’Donovan, K. (2012). Management of diabetes and acute coronary syndromes. British Journal of Cardiac Nursing, 7(8), 370-375. Roger, V.L., Go, A.S., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Benjamin, E.J., Berry, J.D., Borden, W.B., †¦ Turner, M.B. (2012). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2012 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Retrieved from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/125/1/ e2.full.pdf+html Tierney, P., Hughes, C., & Hamilton, S. (2011). Promoting health behaviour change in the cardiac patient. British Journal of Cardiac Nursing, 6(3), 126-130.

Educational Changes in the Schools Essay

The educational system is viewed to be an important aspect for the progress of each individual and the society as a whole. Through the involvement with the educational system, each individual personal skills and potential are harnessed and further developed to be used as his or her medium for attaining greater things in life in certain fields such as exploration, discovery, development and others. The progress reflected from the historical basis of the society shows that the civilization has greatly developed transcending the numerous boundaries that their primitive self has and this is mainly attributed to the constant pursuit of knowledge by the people through their educational system. However, in the present, the educational system of the society is faced with numerous problems and challenges, which often negates their benefits and effectiveness it has on the concern of personal and social development. People often argue that these problems are the result of the lack of change in the educational system over the last decade. Indeed, on some aspect, this argument is true as some of the concern and fields in the educational system remains constant over the years thus, unable to cope with the changes in the social condition resulting to certain problems and complications. The social condition over the years is rapidly changing such as problems of poverty, overpopulation, government and military issues and others, and these primarily affect the involvement and the practical application of the educational field in the society. The inability of the educational system to cope with and address the dominant social problems resulting to its ineffectiveness to promote development within an individual and the society he or she is involved in. However, the educational system over the years has also changed addressing and incorporating most of the critical social problems and condition in its concern resulting to the progress that is has already founded over the century. Comparing the face of the educational system in the past with the present will present important insights regarding the development that the said field has already taken to promote further its effectiveness and influence. The educational systems has developed new aspects in its field such as scholarship and financial assistance for poverty issues, new facilities and modernized equipments to cope with the rapid influx of its student population, modernized subjects and courses to address the new trends and needs, and others. If one will consider the problems in the educational system, these are rooted in the perspective and opinion of the people towards the influence of the said field and not in the system of the schools in the present. Education sometimes becomes ineffective not due to its inefficiency but because people negate and disregard its importance. Generally, the field of education is constantly changing and developing further for the promotion and expansion of its benefits and positive influence. Over the century, the educational system has grown and progressed aiding the society to develop into its modernized present self.

“Krista” by Pablo Baen Santos Critique Essay

Pablo Baen Santos created the artwork, Krista. It was created in the movement of Social Realism. This artwork is oil on canvas painting which shows a female whose mouth is wrapped with a barbed wire and clenching her fists. At the back of the female subject, the Philippine flag and a lot of people are present. The female and the people can be observed to be clearly in agony and pain. It was like torturing the female and the people were likely to be dead by observation. The colors used were simple, not too pale, and not too bright and associated with a shade of color black. The lines are mostly curvy and some have edges; a lot of irregular shapes were used to form the image of the humans and the flag. The lighting saturation was just enough to visualize the painting. The different elements used in this painting are color, line, shape, form and texture. The color used for the subject is mainly brown, a warm neutral color, extensively found in living things. It creates the wholesomeness and dullness of the painting. In addition, there are also shades of primary colors and white at the back of the female. The choice of color is good; it has shown a good picture of the painting by its color. Due to the blending of black color in all parts, the painting appears natural and firm. The diagonal lines are used to create a sense of feeling, specifically agony, and movement. The combination of lines makes up the irregular shapes of humans and the flag. A feeling of right texture is attained as the artist conveys the resemblance of humans in pain. The Philippine flag is a symbol where the case is evident, in the Philippines. The group of people who are most likely Filipinos shows rebellion and oppression. And the female subject is likely to be the situation of the Philippines. The artist is trying to renounce the happening in the Philippines through art. As I saw this art piece, I was struck in the heart of how real and actual its message is. I was a blind not to see and care of the hardships my mother land has undergone. It was amazing that the artist used his hands not to fight but to draw what he wanted to express for a long time. It was a portrait of the truth. Krista made by Pablo Baen Santos on 1984, depicts inang bayan (Philippine motherland) with a crown of barbed wire around her mouth like a gag. The work simultaneously embraces the themes of nationalism, censorship and the strong influence of the  Catholic tradition in the Philippines. The Philippine flag and a sea of protesting bodies forge the backdrop as the female Christ holds her clenched fist in defiance. One year shy of the silver anniversary of the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution, not much has changed in Philippine politics. In many ways, it is even worse than during Marcos’ time. Corruption is rampant and has filtered down to all levels of government, public education is a joke, poverty levels have not improved, environmental degradation is uncontrolled, and journalists still fear for their lives. Even if we manage to elect an ethical president, there will not be much to celebrate during the revolution’s silver anniversary. It will take much, much longer than a year to apply breaks to the downward spiral that our country has gotten itself into since that historic moment.

The eNotes Blog The Fate of the Folios A Tale of Intrigue at theFolger

The Fate of the Folios A Tale of Intrigue at theFolger Henry Clay Folger was a man with a mission. His goal was to obtain every possible copy of William Shakespeares venerated First Folio in existence.   Folger   began his obsessive quest in 1893 and over the next 35 years, he acquired 82 of the manuscripts. The most recent sale of a Folio in 2001 went for $6 million dollars, so the Folger Collection is one not only of great literary worth, but of considerable monetary value as well. With so few surviving Folios, perhaps it is not surprising that the manuscripts have been subjected to theft and intrigue. That compelling history is the subject of the Folgers newest exhibit, Fame Fortune Theft: The Shakespeare First Folio. The exhibit will include 10 of the manuscripts, and you may view one of them online here. The Folios are a big deal for several reasons. First, without the work of two of Shakespeares fellow actors, John Heminge and Henry Condell, there would be no extant copies of some of the most beloved of Shakespearean works, including Macbeth, Julius Caesar, As You Like It, The Winters Tale, and Twelfth Night. Heminge and Condell were exasperated by the false copies being circulated, cheap quatros that frequently did not even include the authors name, and told the public that they had been abus’d with diverse stolne, and surreptitious copies, maimed, and deformed by the frauds and stealthes of injurious impostors.† They promised authentic manuscripts and collected them into an impressive 900 page volume. Another reason why the Folios are important is that they reveal the fact that William Shakespeare was a man of great stature at the time of his death. The Folios measure 8 1/2 x 13 3/8 inches, a size typically reserved for lectern Bibles and great works of literature. The forward is written by the esteemed playwright Ben Jonson: Thou art a Monument, without a tombe,/And art alive still, while thy booke doth live. The engraved portrait by Martin Droeshout is the reason we know what Shakespeare looked like. The Folger exhibition is not meant to delve into the literary merits of the works, however, but to uncover their past: how they changed hands, whether by legitimate sale or by theft, how copies became damaged, what prices they have fetched over the course of 400 years, and how they came to reside in the Folger and elsewhere. Some of the stories seem fit for a modern spy novel. For example, in 1940, a man working for a crime syndicate, posed as an English professor and gained access to a Folio housed at Williams College. On his first visit, he measured the Folio precisely. On his next visit, he brought a cut copy of Reynard the Fox in a slip-on binding. He exchanged Reynard for the Folio, and walked out. The FBI finally caught up with the man and retrieved the manuscript. How some of the copies became damaged is interesting as well. In one instance, the noted 19th-century American actor Edwin Forrest purchased one of the Folios and had a glass case built to house it. He bequeathed the manuscript to the Home for Decayed Actors in Philadelphia. A massive fire a few years later destroyed most of the pages, but a few of the survivors are now on display at the University of Philadelphia, and are still in Forrests specially-made glass case. The pages are considered too delicate to travel, so the Folger has re-created them for the exhibit. Finally, it is interesting to see how the value of the Folios has increased exponentially from 1800 to 195 purchases of the First Folio doubled every 50 years. Additionally, it is not just England and the United States who own precious copies; so too do New Zealand, Australia, Africa, and Japan. â€Å"Fame, Fortune Theft: The Shakespeare First Folio† runs through Sept. 3 at the Folger Shakespeare Library, 201 East Capitol Street S.E., Washington; (202) 544-7077, folger.edu.

Definition of Sustainability and Its Underpinnings in Tourism

Definition of Sustainability and Its Underpinnings in Tourism Introduction Sustainability has become a buzzword in contemporary tourism research and practice. Thousands of businesses claim themselves to be sustainable, because they provide their services without damaging the environment. More often than not, sustainability is understood in the context of environmental protection and community development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Sustainability and Its Underpinnings in Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sustainable tourism is expected to be able to balance its profitability concerns with the needs of communities. Apparently, the tools and resources used to promote sustainable tourism differ considerably across communities and settings. This paper is a review of the current theoretical and empirical literature related to the topic of sustainable tourism. The main themes to be discussed in this review include: definition of sustainability and its theore tical underpinnings, the problems of measuring sustainability and tourism, as well as the case studies of sustainable tourism presented in literature. Tourism and Sustainability: Defining the Concept Sustainability is a common topic in contemporary literature. However, its meaning is often taken for granted. Few, if any, researchers discussed the concept of sustainability in detail. Of all articles retrieved in this literature search, only Lansing and De Vries (2007) decided to review the meaning of the sustainability concept, as applied in tourism. According to Lansing and De Vries (2007), the concept of sustainability in tourism has numerous categorisations and definitions, and this is also why the debate over sustainable tourism remains so fragmented and confusing. Saarinen (2006) supports this view and suggests that the concept of sustainable tourism continues to interest and irritate researchers. Lansing and De Vries (2007) take the definition of the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) as the starting point for their analysis. This is also the definition, which is to be used in this review of literature: sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability (Lansing De Vries 2007, p.78). In other words, sustainability in tourism emphasises the importance of ethics. Sustainable tourism enables communities and host countries to retain the benefits of tourism (Lansing De Vries 2007). Sustainable tourism is impossible without showing respect for the major socio-cultural aspects of community development and growth. All these are the fundamental requirements of sustainability in tourism.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sustainability in Tourism: Theories and Implications It should be noted, that sustainability remains a popular topic of research and policy development. Saarinen (2006) writes that sustainability in tourism can be readily associated with almost all scales and kinds of tourist activities. Many sustainability features have been borrowed from the earlier studies and are nothing new. Still, several essential themes in the study of sustainable tourism can be identified. Saarinen (2006) speaks about three distinct traditions of sustainability in research: activity-based, resource-based, and community-based. The resource-based tradition was developed in response to the growing shortages of various community resources. Researchers in tourism were trying to find a magic number which, once overstepped, would inevitably result in irreversibly negative impacts on the community and environment (Saarinen 2006). This tradition was closely associated with natural sciences and the positivist philosophy. The activity-based tradition was intended to clo se the gaps in the resource-based view of sustainability (Saarinen 2006). This tradition in sustainability research was industry-oriented and tourism-centric (Saarinen 2006). Finally, the community-based tradition came to resolve the existing dualities between the resource-based and activity-based research traditions (Saarinen 2006). At present, it is through the prism of community development that most approaches to sustainable tourism are reconsidered and evaluated. In the meantime, researchers are developing new theoretical approaches to sustainability and reconsider the concept of sustainable tourism through various theoretical lenses. Mowforth and Munt (2003) discussed the principles and tools of sustainability in tourism. According to Mowforth and Munt (2003), none of the existing sustainability definitions is entirely satisfactory; therefore, the degree of sustainability in various tourist activities should be judged, based on whether or not they meet a number of criteria. Th ese criteria include but are not limited to: environmental benefits, social, cultural, and economic benefits, educational implications, and local participation (Mowforth Munt 2003). The researchers discuss each type of sustainability in detail, but the most interesting is their evaluation of educational sustainability in tourism. Mowforth and Munt (2003) suggest that sustainable tourism must provide an educational input, by informing community members about the benefits of tourism or teaching them to do sustainable tourism right.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Sustainability and Its Underpinnings in Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As mentioned earlier, the activity- and community-based paradigms in sustainable tourism research came to reflect the dynamics and changeability of sustainable practices in tourism (Saarinen 2006). Farrell and Twining-Ward (2005) further expand this theoretical pos ition and write that a new thought in sustainable tourism depicts the world as constantly changing and full of uncertainty. Farrell and Twining-Ward (2005) recognise that changes in community and policy decisions greatly impact the nature of sustainability, and only theoretical approaches based on dynamic activities and change can serve the needs of students and researchers in sustainable tourism. This uncertainty actually led to the development of various theoretical models. Those models were expected to make the concept of sustainability more comprehensive and full. Macbeth, Carson and Northcote (2004) proposed a regional development perspective on sustainability to tackle with the limitations of more traditional resource-based models. Macbeth et al. (2004) assert that these models ignore the cultural and community aspects of tourism development, and a successful regional model of sustainable tourism will always contribute to the local social, political, and cultural capital (SPCC ). These principles are also echoed in Mowforth and Munt (2003) and Saarinen (2006). The notions of social theory and social capital are commonly used in sustainable tourism research. Hughes (2004) also applied to social theory in order to reduce the ambivalence surrounding the concept of sustainability in tourism. In Hughess (2004) view, sustainable tourism is a relevant response to a deep philosophic shift taking place in the tourism industry, when mass package models give place to individualisation and differentiation in holiday making. At the same time, researchers like Casagrandi and Rinaldi (2002) admit that implementing sustainability models in practice can be difficult and extremely problematic. Even in the presence of the best theoretical approaches, delivering quality tourism can be impossible without severely impacting the environment (Casagrandi Rinaldi 2002). One of the key questions asked by Casagrandi and Rinaldi (2002) is whether at all the concept of sustainability can be implemented in tourism, or whether it is designed merely to help businesses in the tourism industry generate profits. Lansing and De Vries (2007) discuss this issue in their work.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They claim that, because sustainability in tourism is so poorly defined, it is nothing but a marketing ploy (Lansing De Vries 2007). Sustainable tourism is expected to minimise the harm caused to the environment, but in reality, the level of pollution caused by traveling remains quite high (Lansing De Vries 2007). In economic terms, sustainability in tourism does little or nothing to reduce the problems posed by conventional tourism (Lansing De Vries 2007). These problems are further exacerbated by the lack of sustainability awareness in public. Miller, Rathouse, Scarles, Holmes and Tribe (2010) have explored the public understanding of sustainability in tourism and discovered that the respondents have little understanding of tourisms effects on their daily behaviours and practices. Moreover, the public does not feel empowered to manage their touristic and community activities in ways that benefit them (Miller et al. 2010). To a large extent, the tangible effects and benefits of sustainability in tourism remain more theoretical than practical. Nevertheless, the current literature contains numerous case studies of sustainable development in tourism and provides diverse opinions on how sustainability in tourism could be measured. Measuring Sustainability in Tourism The question of measuring sustainability is one of the most common themes in modern tourism research. Numerous researchers tried to define the limits and scope of sustainability in tourist activities. Various models have been proposed to enhance the measurability of sustainable activities in tourism. Nonetheless, the field of tourism lacks a single universal approach to sustainability measurement. Gossling, Hansson, Horstmeier and Saggel (2002) developed a methodological framework to calculate the ecological footprints of leisure tourism. At the core of the model are the impacts of air travel on the host environment: the researchers used the example of the Seychelles to prove that the ecological fo otprints model could be effectively used to meet the goals of sustainability measurement in tourism (Gossling et al. 2002). Later, Fernandez and Rivero (2009) recommended using a composite index to measure sustainability in tourism, based on factor loadings. Again, the example of Spanish tourism was used to prove that the proposed index could become a robust measure of sustainability in various tourist activities (Fernandez Rivero 2009). Simpson (2007) recommended using an integrated approach to assess the effects of tourism on sustainable livelihoods and community development. The proposed model incorporates the diverse factors and elements that impact sustainability, including geographical contexts, their employment and economic characteristics, ownership structure and governance, etc. (Simpson 2007). Despite the growing number of measurement models, the gap between theory and industry perceptions of useful sustainability indicators continues to persist (McCool, Moisey Nickerson 2001). Again, these controversies are rooted in the ambiguities of sustainable tourism, its concept and applications (McCool et al. 2001). Different agents pursue different goals and have different perceptions on which indicators should be used to achieve and measure sustainability. Therefore, it is difficult to imagine that scholars will arrive at any conceptual and measurement agreement anytime soon. Sustainability in Tourism: Application The current state of literature is rich in sustainability examples. Researchers develop case studies to analyse how sustainability can benefit tourism. Bearing in mind the controversies surrounding the concept of sustainability, the ways in which it is applied in tourism are also different. Still, the results of the recent real-life analyses can be used to identify and analyse the most common features of sustainable practices in tourism. The hotel industry is one of the most popular targets of sustainable tourism research. Chan and Lam (2003) ex plored a rooftop hotel pool as an example of sustainable practices in tourism. Chan and Lam (2003) confirmed that, due to considerable cost savings, the rooftop pool could become a relevant alternative to conventional pool equipment. In a similar fashion, Ayuso (2006) explored the use of voluntary tools of sustainability across several Spanish hotels. The results presented by Ayuso (2006) tell much about motivations behind the use of voluntary practices in tourism. On the one hand, hotel owners and managers display a limited understanding of the sustainability concept (Ayuso 2006). As a result, they are not always able to define how to meet their sustainability targets. On the other hand, voluntary sustainability practices are driven by factors other than the pursuit of economic profits (Ayuso 2006). Hotel managers often apply to sustainability in response to stakeholder demands or with respect to owners environmental concerns (Ayuso 2006). These results do not support the theoretic al assumptions of sustainability and its marketing benefits presented by Lansing and De Vries (2007). Lumsdon (2000) suggested that cycle tourism could become a relevant model of sustainability in tourism. The researcher explored the concept of a planned transport network, as applied in the UK (Lumsdon 2000). The model of planned transport networks incorporates four different stages, but Lumsdon (2000) believes that it has the potential to promote the idea of sustainability in local tourism. Muller (2000) proposed the model of second home tourism as a potential contributor to sustainability in rural areas. Muller (2000) used the examples of Northern Sweden and Finland to measure the effectiveness of second home tourism in the context of sustainability. Nasser (2003) also referred to sustainability through the prism of heritage places. The researcher proposed an integrated approach to managing heritage places that would help avoid the major conflicts between conservation and tourism needs (Nasser 2003). The results of these case studies suggest that different researchers have different visions of sustainability in tourism. Moreover, the way sustainability is defined and applied differs greatly across sites and destinations. The lack of uniformity and standardisation in sustainable applications further exacerbates the theoretical confusion surrounding the concept of sustainability in research. The current research into sustainability in tourism displays a series of methodological and conceptual limitations. First, sustainability lacks a single conceptual basis (Lansing De Vries 2007; Saarinen 2006). Second, the lack of clarity in defining and conceptualising sustainability makes it difficult to assess the effectiveness of various sustainability practices in tourism. In the meantime, many questions related to sustainable practices in tourism remain overlooked or ignored. Researchers do not pay too much attention to the issues of tourist demand (Liu 2003). Others have a limited view of resource sustainability: preservation and conservation of tangible resources is clearly not enough to ensure that tourism is truly sustainable. Researchers and practitioners should appreciate the value of other, non-tangible resources that are essential, dynamic, and changeable (e.g. technological capabilities). The relationship between sustainability and tourism is often described in terms of meeting the needs of one stakeholder group or one generation of community members, while also ignoring the impacts of tourism on the future generations, as well as the distribution of tourism benefits across multiple stakeholders (Liu 2003). All these questions need relevant answers to ensure that the future research can present a balanced picture of sustainability in tourism. Conclusion The current state of literature provides rich information about sustainability in tourism. This review of literature was designed to highlight the major themes and limitations inherent in contemporary sustainable tourism research. To start with, researchers commonly agree that the concept of sustainability in tourism lacks a single universal definition. The definition of sustainability developed by the World Tourism Organisation is usually taken as the basis for policy development and analysis. Despite these controversies, researchers have applied a number of theories to reconsider the way sustainability in tourism works. Social theories are often used to review the fundamental elements of sustainable tourism. Some researchers acknowledge that sustainable tourism should contribute to the development of social and cultural capital. Nevertheless, the public remains unaware of the meaning of sustainability. Also, community members often feel disempowered to change the most common tourist practices. Contemporary researchers also lack any agreement on how sustainability in tourism should be measured. These difficulties stem from the lack of an adequate conceptual defin ition of sustainable tourism. In addition, the case studies of sustainable practices in tourism uncover a wide diversity of visions, decisions, and processes used by businesses to achieve and maintain a vision of sustainability in tourism. Unfortunately, the methodological and conceptual limitations of sustainable tourism research cannot be ignored. Researchers tend to ignore the importance of tourism demand, while also disregarding the ways, in which the benefits of sustainable tourism should be distributed among various community groups. Future researchers should focus on the analysis of sustainability and its conceptual underpinnings to arrive at a single and universally comprehensive definition of sustainability in tourism. References Ayuso, S 2006, Adoption of voluntary environmental tools for sustainable tourism: Analysing the experience of Spanish hotels, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, vol.13, pp.207-226. Casagrandi, R Rinaldi, S 2002, A theore tical approach to tourism sustainability, Conservation Ecology, vol.6, no.1, pp.13-20. Chan, WW Lam, JC 2003, Energy-saving supporting tourism sustainability: A case study of hotel swimming pool heat pump, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.11, no.1, pp.74-83. Farrell, B Twining-Ward, L 2005, Seven steps towards sustainability: Tourism in the context of new knowledge, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.13, no.2, pp.109-122. Fernandez, JI Rivero, MS 2009, Measuring tourism sustainability: Proposal for a composite index, Tourism Economics, vol.15, no.2, pp.277-296. Gossling, S, Hansson, CB, Horstmeier, O Saggel, S 2002, Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism sustainability, Ecological Economics, vol.43, pp.199-211. Hughes, G 2004, Tourism, sustainability, and social theory, in AA Lew, CM Hall AM Williams (eds), A companion to tourism, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford,pp.498-505. Lansing, P De Vries, P 2007, Sustainable tourism: Ethical alternative or marketing p loy?, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.72, pp.77-85. Liu, Z 2003, Sustainable tourism development: A critique, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.11, no.6, pp.459-475. Lumsdon, L 2000, Transport and tourism: Cycle tourism – A model for sustainable development?, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.8, no.5, pp.361-377. McBeth, J, Carson, D Northcote, J 2004, Social capital, tourism and regional development: SPCC as a basis for innovation and sustainability, Current Issues in Tourism, vol.7, no.6, pp.502-522. McCool, SF, Moisey, RN Nickerson, NP 2001, What should tourism sustain? The disconnect with industry perceptions of useful indicators, Journal of Travel Research, vol.40, 124-131. Mowforth, M Munt, I 2003, The principles of sustainability in tourism, in M Mowforth I Munt (eds), Tourism and sustainability: New tourism in the Third World, Routledge, New York, pp.105-119. Miller, G, Rathouse, K, Scarles, C, Holmes, K Tribe, J 2010, Public understanding of sustainable tour ism, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.37, no.3, pp.627- 645. Muller, DK 2002, Second home tourism and sustainable development in north European peripheries, Tourism and Hospitality Research Surrey Quarterly Review, vol.3, pp.1-20. Nasser, N 2003, Planning for urban heritage places: Reconciling conservation, tourism, and sustainable development, Journal of Planning Literature, vol.17, no.4, pp.467-479. Saarinen, J 2006, Traditions of sustainability in tourism studies, Annals of Tourism Research, vol.33, no.4, pp.1121-1140. Simpson, MC 2007, An integrated approach to assess the impacts of tourism on community development and sustainable livelihoods, Community Development Journal, vol.44, no.2, pp.186-208.

How to Write a Philosophy of Science Essay

How to Write a Philosophy of Science Essay Philosophy of Science Starting your essay How to create an outline Outline sample How to write a thesis for an philosophy of science essay How to write your introductionn How to construct body paragraphs Finishing your essay Revising your essay A philosophy of science essay sample Writing an essay on the philosophy of science is not hard as it may seem. Just like any other essay, you just have to follow the basic format and arrangement of ideas to be able to provide the message you want the readers to know. It needs to have the common features of an essay – introduction, body, and conclusion. The difference will only be in the content and how you are going to correlate all the ideas and thoughts into one single masterpiece. So, to help you in writing a perfect essay, here are some provided guidelines on how to start and finish the best paper about philosophy of science: Starting your essay Before a writer can properly start writing their essay, they will have to make an outline and a thesis statement first. The best way to efficiently create a paper regarding this topic, or any other topic for that matter, is to lay down first all the topics that he would want to discuss and combine them in one simple yet detailed sentence. How to create an outline In writing an outline, one just has to list down every possible issue that he may think of that is related to the specific philosophy of science he/she is writing about. So for example, the philosophy of science topic is about the battle between religion and science, and the author can provide information on both separately, and then include some mixed ideas such as comparing and contrasting both the subject matter to each other. Here is an example of an outline for this specific topic: Outline sample I. Introduction Common misconceptions about religion and science. Why religion and science should not be confused with each other. II. Body Definition and explanation of religion Definition and explanation of science Difference and similarities between science and religion What most scholars and philosophers say about the misconceptions on religion and science III. Conclusion Summary points on why religion and science should not be intertwined What people need to know about religion and science as individual and combined entities How to write a thesis for an philosophy of science essay After creating the outline, the writer may now write their thesis statement. For some people, however, it is easier for them to write the thesis statement first and then break it down into parts and come up with an outline. Whichever way the writer may choose, these guidelines still can be helpful in making the thesis statement: If one chooses to make the thesis statement first before the outline, he/she must try to be very particular on the issue that he wants to talk about. After that, he can now break it down into parts so he can make an outline. If one chooses otherwise, she just has to combine all the ideas in the outline and select the most important one and make it his thesis statement. Usually, the things that a writer would like to emphasize and the topic which is related to almost every thought in the essay is the most important one. A writer should not make long thesis statements. A one-liner sentence would suffice, but it should be detailed and specific. She/he shall make it comprehensive and understandable enough to make the readers realize his stand. How to write your introduction After having written the thesis statement and the outline, the writer may now start to write his introduction. It must be noted that introductions are really important because it is the first thing that is read in an essay. Therefore, it is in the introduction where the reader shall decide whether he will continue reading the paper or not. In making the introduction, here are some tips that might help: One must create a catchy and captivating introduction. Some writers use quotes from great philosophers and some use their own quotes to make their point. One must keep in mind that the introduction must already make his viewpoints obvious. Introduction should not be written in long sentences. It is the body’s duty to explain the writer’s opinion and thoughts. The introduction will only provide the things that are to be learned by the readers in the succeeding pages. The introduction should be related to the body of the paragraph itself. No reader would like to be confused on what she is reading. Having different thoughts on the introduction and the body will surely make the reader lose his interest to continue reading. Thus, there must be a connection between the introduction and the body. How to construct body paragraphs For most writers, writing the body is easier than actually writing the introduction and the conclusion. The reason is that because in the body, they just actually need to provide all the information that they want their readers to know. However, such is not the case for all people. So here are some strategies that might help in writing the body paragraphs: Align the paragraphs based on the thesis statement and the outline. After all, the latter was made beforehand as guidelines for the writer to be able to write his/her essay easily and smoothly. Unnecessary information is immaterial, so it should be kept simple but still informative. One should practice excluding facts which are not really relative and significant to the main point of the paper. Avoid using complex and obscure languages. The essay aims to provide information. Therefore, the usage of words should be kept simple and understandable. The paragraphs should be interconnected with each other. If not, then the readers would be confused on what the writer is trying to point out. The preceding paragraph should have a relation to the next one, strengthening the main point of the author. Do not make it boring. A philosophy of science essay is usually an informative one. Hence, there would be a lot of uninteresting facts and data. And to engage the readers, the paper should be written in an exciting and fun way. Finishing your essay While the introduction and the body should already have explained the main point, the conclusion must still show the strength of the argument. There must be a reiteration of the points, if needed, to toughen the opinions of the writer. To be able to do this, here are some tips that may be followed: Conclude your paper by making a brief summary of all the points and thoughts made throughout the essay. It does not have to be long. Just like the thesis statement, it should be concise and comprehensive. The writer should use his/her own words to strengthen his argument. The conclusion should provide a great impact on the readers. Whether the essay is an informative, an argumentative, or a persuasive one, the conclusion needs to be conclusive and certain. Make the readers realize what they should know. It is not enough to just provide a summary and a strong argument. One must convince his readers that his point is material and substantial in relation to the topic he chose to explain. Revising your essay It is not enough, of course, to pass or publish the paper once the writer finishes writing. It should be reviewed and proofread so the best out of it will come out. Here are some tips on how to revise a philosophical essay on science: Do not reread and edit immediately after writing. The best time for revisions is the day after. One shall need to have a clear and refreshed mind before he can actually see the mistakes that he has committed to writing the essay. Avoid being biased. It is actually best to have another person revise it, however, if there is no one available, the writer may do the revision on his own. Since it is his own work, he should be able to edit and revise it without being biased. A one-time revision is not enough. One must try reviewing and rereading it a lot of times before she may be able to come up with a well-written essay. You see, writing an essay about any philosophy of science is not difficult. It is just the same as writing a simple essay talking about other topics. All you have to do is believe that you can produce one. You may follow the guidelines stated above. Writing does not have to be hard. You just have to believe that you can. A philosophy of science essay sample Science comprises of natural and physical sciences. Sciences include biology, physics, chemistry, space science and earth science. The basic of sciences is making hypothesis which can be true or falls. From the hypothesis, scientific methods can be used to verify the hypothesis. In verifying the hypothesis, some assumptions can be made to validate the results; this assumption is mostly theoretical. For a long time scientific results, methods, assumptions, and hypothesis have not been verified as true or falls. To determine the truth in science, philosophy of science was introduced. Philosophy of science was introduced by philosophers to try and understand the actions of the scientists and the scientific theories. The philosophers were trying to link scientific evidence with what people could observe in nature; that is, the philosophers wanted to verify to the public the truth in scientific work. The philosophers were interested in elaborating the methods scientists use in their work. The philosophers also wanted to verify the truth in scientific theories. Also, philosophy of science is concerned with how science affects activities of nonscientists and nonscientific institutions. Philosophy of science is important in explaining what science cannot explain. Philosophy explains the basics of science to help people understand science better. For example, in mathematics, mathematicians use numbers on their daily basis, and no mathematician has ever dared to explain the meaning of numbers. Lack of knowing the definition of numbers can make ordinary people take mathematics as a tough course. Therefore, it’s the work of the philosophers to explain the meaning of numbers. In other circumstances, physicist use time in their working but they cannot explain what time is; this is also left for philosophers to explain. Philosophy of science, therefore, makes scientists and the general public understand some basics in science that cannot be answered by science facts alone. Philosophy of science is essential in the field of medicine. In the past, before the introduction of the philosophy of science, the medics believed that people were only sick at the point of visiting health facilities. The medics did not take medical history into perspective while dealing with their clients. Also, the medics did not have governing ethics in dealing with their clients. The introduction of the philosophy of science in medicine has so far changed how the medics operate. Philosophy makes medicine personnel understand the cause of a disease and the medical history of the clients. Philosophy has made it possible for medical personnel to view patients as humans and not ‘sick organs’; this has made it possible for the introduction of medical ethics. Through philosophy, medics can now predict and understand the cause of diseases. Philosophy of science is also crucial in explaining the origin of the world. For example, science can only explain what happened during the big bang and post big bang events but cannot explain what took place before the initialization of big bang. The fact that science cannot explain some events makes people lack understanding of their world. With the introduction of philosophy, it is now possible for scientists to explain what happened before the big bang. Also, other things like the origin of man can be explained easily because of philosophy. In conclusion, philosophy of science is essential in understanding our world. Philosophy addresses the questions of what, how and why in the science field.

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Industry Analysis by Stage in PLC - Essay Example The market is expected to grow continually for a decade. At 2013, the forecasted market value is $10.7 billion with a 9.4% growth from 2008 and a market volume of 3.8 billion liters with an 8.5% increase since 2008. (Datamonitor, 2008) The condition of the ice cream industry is influenced by several external factors. Social factors such as health issues can affect the buying behavior of consumers. The recent peanut butter recall due to contamination has decreased retail sales on peanut flavored ice cream. Obesity concerns and health trends has pushed manufacturers to launch new products that address the growing trends. (Peot, 2008) Economic factors such as recession affect the buying behavior of consumers and packaging techniques of producers. According to Berry, consumers budget their purchases during slower economic times and prefer to eat ice cream at home. The supermarket sales of ice cream increased because of this purchasing behavior. (Berry, 2009) Supermarket store chains have benefited an increase in sales of their private labels through this change (Ice Cream Going Private Label, 2009). Manufacturers, on the other hand, downsize its packaging due to increased raw material costs and energy expenditures. They have decreased the packaging volume in order to maintain, if not lower, the retail price of their products. (Berry, 2009) The US ice cream market is assessed as highly competitive. ... The market is dominated by three large companies. Unilever, Nestle and Blue Bell Creameries are the three well known companies. (Datamonitor, 2008) Unilever is a diversified company that engaged in global manufacturing and marketing of consumer goods in food, personal and homecare segments. The company generates revenues through different business divisions, one of which is ice cream and beverages. Their ice cream brands include Good Humor, Cornetto, Ben & Jerry's and Breyers. (Datamonitor, 2008) Nestle is engaged in the business of manufacturing and marketing branded food and beverages through six business divisions. One division involves milk products, nutrition and ice cream. The ice cream business carry the brands such as Slow Churned Dreyer's Grand Light, Sveltesse stick, Haagen Dazs and Legend Real Dairy. (Datamonitor, 2008) Blue Bell Creameries is engaged in the production and marketing of ice cream. The company sells its ice cream under the Blue Bell brand and has around 50 different ice cream flavors including Homemade Vanilla, its flagship flavor. (Datamonitor, 2008) Market Segments The ice cream market is fragmented. The segmentation is based on the preference and taste of consumers. The market segment is best categorized below. SEGMENT NAME SEGMENT PROFILE Premium Lovers Indulge in premium and super-premium quality ice creams; non-price sensitive; buy ice cream based on taste and high quality ingredients; prefers foodservice and dining out; mostly adults with higher incomes Wellness Aficionados Only eat ice creams that are labeled reduced fat, low-fat, non-fat or light products; weight conscious eaters; mostly women, prefer to buy based on the health benefits of the product; looks for

A Research on Sister Callistas Roy Adaptation Model Term Paper

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Fredrick Douglasss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Business Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Communication - Assignment Example Thank you for your letter dated 20 March, 2013 regarding to the quality issue of kiwi fruits, we regret for the inconvenience caused to you in this regard and thank you for allowing us to examine your issues. We had started taking corrective actions after receiving your earlier phone call. At the time of packing, we cross checked and found that the products were up tothe standard. Also, we are sure that the problem might have occurred during the transit, as we did not receive any issues before that. Please let me know,when is the consignment required by you,after getting the confirmation from your side, we will make the arrangements to deliver the product to you within two days by using the special express delivery methods. In order to avoid causing inconvenience to others, the management has planned to place two containers near the external back door which is to be used as an ashtray and rubbish bin from 15 March, 2013 onwards. Any feedbacks from our staff members are invited on or before 13 March, 2013 in this regard, so it will enable us to consider the facts before implementing them. We observed from your letter that you had purchased Del Mar Cellular Window Shades C1116 on June 2009 as well as onAugust 2009. From your mail, we have understood that you are not unable to locate the invoice for the purchases made on August 2009,on which you are facing the issues. As per the norms of the company, we can only guarantee the services only when you produce the invoice copy. For this, you can either search for the invoice copy in your premises. Else you can obtain the duplicate copy of your purchase by going to Cellini’s store. If you are able to locate the invoice copy, then we can personally guarantee that our warranty services will be free of cost or else our concern person will visit your place and verify for the barcodes which available on the product; if it is ours then we will definitely rectify the

Factor Analysis And Confirmatory Factor Analysis Essay Example for Free

Factor Analysis And Confirmatory Factor Analysis Essay Factor analysis is an arithmetical technique used to describe variability regarding observed variables with regard to lower number of unobserved variables. Factor analysis looks for such joint variations in response to unobserved hidden variables. The observed variables are molded as linear combinations of potential factors including the error terms. Information attained regarding interdependence between observed factors can later be utilized to reduce the set of variables within a dataset. Factor analysis originated in psychometrics and is applied in behavioral sciences operations research and applied sciences which deal with large quantities of data. In psychology, factor analysis is in most cases associated with intelligence search. Factor analysis has been used to search for factors within a broad range of spheres such as character, beliefs and attitudes. Factor analysis isolates the underlying variables that make clear the data. There are two types of factor analysis; principal factor analysis and common factor analysis. The factors generated by principal factor analysis are theoretical as being as liner combinations of variables whereas those generated by common factor analysis are theoretical latent variables. Computationally, the main difference is that the diagonal relationship matrix is substituted with common variables in common factor analysis. Factor analysis is performed through examining the pattern of connection between the observed variables. Variables which are highly related have a likelihood of being influenced by factors such as those which are moderately unrelated and have a more likelihood of being influenced by different factors. Principal component analysis is the most widespread factor analysis. Principal factor analysis seeks for a linear combination of measures in such a way that the maximum difference is extracted form the measures. It then removes the difference and search for a second liner a combination that explains the maximum proportion of the remaining variance. Conducting a Confirmatory Factor Analysis The main purpose of a Confirmatory Factor Analysis is to establish the ability of a prearranged variable model to fit within an observed set of data. Among the normal uses of Confirmatory Factor Analysis include; establishing the weight of a single factor representation compares the ability of two differing models to account for the same set of data, test the significance of particular factor loading, test the connection between two or more factor loadings and also to evaluate the convergent and discriminate strength of a set of measures. Conducting a Confirmatory Factor Analysis The six stages involved include; Describing the factor model which is the first thing required to be done accurately to define the model one wants to test. This involves choosing the number of factors and defining the nature of loadings between measures and factors. The loading can be fixed at zero or any other constant number or allowed to vary within specified constraints. Collect the measurements through measurement of variables on same experimental units. Obtain a correlation matrix by getting the correlation between each of the variables. Fit the model into data by selecting a method to obtain the estimates of factor loadings which were free to vary. The normal model-fitting method is the Maximum likelihood estimation that needs to be used unless the measures serious lack multivariate normality. In such a case one can use Asymptotically distribution free estimation. Evaluation of model adequacy s done when the factor model is fit the data, the factor loading are selected to minimize the difference between the correlation matrix implied by the model and the actual observed matrix. The amount of difference after the best parameters have been selected can be used as a measure as to how reliable the reproduction is with the data. The commonly used assessment of model adequacy is the X2 goodness of fit test. Null hypothesis for this test holds that the model sufficiency for the data, while the other is that there a significant level f differences. Regrettably, this test is highly sensitive to sample size since, tests used in testing large samples generally lead to a rejection of null hypothesis, even when factor model is suitable. Other statistics like the Tucker-Lewis index, compare the fitness of planned model to a null representation.   These statistics show less sensitivity to sample size. By comparing these two models with other model one can is able observe the difference between their X 2 statistics which is almost equal to X2 distribution. About al individual factor loading tests can be compared to reduced and full factor models.   In situations where there is no comparison of full and reduced models, use of Root mean square error of approximation is recommended which is n estimation of discrepancy per degree of freedom within the model. References DeCoster, J. (1998). Overview of Factor Analysis. Retrieved on August, 16, 2010 from http://www.stat-help.co/notes.html

How Does Pdf Manage Bitmap Images Information Technology Essay

How Does Pdf Manage Bitmap Images Information Technology Essay Primary storage is the main area in a computer in which data is stored for quick access, Primary memory storages are also temporary, were as secondary storage is permanent. For example RAM (Random Access Memory) is primary storage so when the computer is switched off or restarted the data that is being stored is wiped from the memory. Retrieved from the Computer Hope Web site: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/primstor.htm. Secondary storage on the other hand has data written to it so the data is permanently stored there. Primary storage is closer to the CPU and is mostly integrated onto the motherboard there it is faster when performing tasks, compared to secondary which is connected through cables. Primary storage is the cache and random access memory is as it is part of the central processing unit, this is the only memory that is directly accessible to the central processing unit. Instructions are stored in the primary storage in which the CPU continuously reads and executes wh en required. Any data that is actively operated on is also stored in the primary storage in a uniform manner. Secondary storage differs from primary storage as it is not directly accessible by the CPU. Secondary storage is the hard drive of a computer in which all the information that needs to be saved is stored there. Retrieved from the Computer Hope Web site: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/secostor.htm. In the architecture of computer hardware, systems software networking, 4th edition, 2010 there are 2 definitions of what virtualization is. These are; existing or resulting in essence or effect though not in actual fact, form or name and created, simulated, or carried on by means of a computer or computer network. (Englander, I. (2010). The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software Networking. Pg 20.) These two explanations mean that virtualization is when you create something on a computer and simulate it. An example of this is virtual pc which is used on windows 7, this allows a person to simulate running an operating system and it will behave exactly as it would if it was a computers own operating system. This virtualization allows people to test programs on virtual versions of operating systems but within another operating system, this allows people to test programs to be able to make sure that their current programs are compatible. Another example of this would also be when using servers. Virtualization allows a server to make virtual servers that run independently so there could be 20 servers but they are all virtual therefore they would only have to be on one or two real servers. This is used to cut costs and to make it easier to manage a server as it is entirely virtual therefore it does not cost anything to run can reach at its potential efficiency. Englander, I. (2010). The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software Networking (4th ed.).** London, United Kingdom: London University Press.** The inputs to the home cinema system would be the cables that power the system. An input to the television and home cinema system would be the DVD player as that is sending data to the television to show the film on the DVD. Other inputs in the system would be the input from the reliever to the television. This is used so the television receives a signal to provide a picture on the television. The remote also provides and output into which the DVD player and TV would receive an input from the remote to control the components. The user can then decide what they want to happen on the DVD player and the TV for example what channel is on the television or the volume or navigating through a menu on the DVD player. The plug socket is an output which it inputs power to the TV and cinema system. The Television itself would be an output as it is providing the visual part of the system, whilst the speaker components are outputs as they provide the audio. Remote Cloud computing is the method of which data and applications are stored and accessed over the World Wide Web. Cloud Computing Defined. (2010). Cloud Computing Defined. Retrieved from the Cloud Computing Defined site: http://www.cloudcomputingdefined.com/. The idea behind cloud computing is that your data is stored and backed up on a computer somewhere in the world that can be accessed at any time. But you will not know where your data is being stored. This means that the users are unaware and do not know of any of the details of the applications use, for example where the hardware that is being used to store it is located. A PDF is treated as a file format so with the right software any person can look at the file. PDF also contains its own bitmap formats, object image formats and text formats which are all optimized for creating and presenting pages quickly. So because a PDF has its own formats so when a program opens it will display the file in the way that any monitor can view it, including printers as a PDF is a standard therefore each printer and operating system must be accustomed to that standard therefore allowing it to be seen consistently. Describe the format for storing, laying out, and managing the objects on a page. Explain the advantages to the use of this format over other formats, such as that used by HTML. The advantage of using PDF format over other formats such as HTML for storing, laying out and managing objects on a page would be that there are many algorithms which are used for compression which enable a faster and smoother file transfer, Therefore the application is much more flexible The advantage of using the PDF format over other formats for storing, laying out and managing objects on a page would be that they have many algorithms for compression which enables smooth file transfer. The application therefore is more flexible. Due to the compression techniques it is also more portable due to the smaller sizes that PDFs can have compared with something like HTML. Jenny Hamper. (2010). Difference Between PDF Vs HTML Retrieved from ezinearticles site: http://ezinearticles.com/?Difference-Between-PDF-Vs-HTMLid=3972193 A font in PDF is a description of a digital typeface which is a set of one or more fonts,. These descriptions can describe the characteristics of a typeface, but can also include an embedded font file. Font files that are embedded are based on commonly used digital font formats. A PDF will use character codes that are within text strings to map the current font using an encoding. There are predefined encodings that exist in a PDF which are universal and will work on any platform. A PDF can specify a predefined encoding to use which can be the fonts built in encoding. Any file which contains fonts are also collected when a document is saved as a PDF so all of the available fonts the user has are stored on a PDF which makes it easy for a PDF to show that particular font or show a font that is in the same family so there is some resemblance to the original font. How does PDF manage bitmap images? Object images? Describe at least three major limitations that PDF places on the end-user of a PDF document. One major limitation of PDF is that it cannot be edited once a file has been converted into a PDF then it cannot be edited as it is an image of a document. What are the criteria that define a Von Neumann architecture? How does the example of entering and adding two numbers illustrate each of the criteria? If the memory register for a computer is 32 bits wide then this computer can support 4gb of memory. This is because the memory can access 32 locations and each location has either a 0 or a 1 stored meaning there are 2 states at which the 32 bits can be accessed. Therefore 232 = (4 294 967 296) meaning that there are 4.3GB of memory available as there are that many different combinations. This means that a system with a 32 bit wide system can only have a maximum of 4GB as there is only a maximum of 4 294 967 296 different memory combinations. Volatile memory is computer memory that can only maintain memory if it is being powered by the computer. Non-volatile memory is the opposite of volatile memory in which it is computer memory that can retain information when it is not being powered. RAM would be an example of volatile memory because when a computer is turned off any information that hasnt been saved and is on the RAM is deleted. A hard drive (ROM) is non-volatile memory because when there is no power to the ROM the data that is being stored is kept even when there is no power as the data is written onto the OM so it is kept. Draw a flow diagram that shows step by step the process for converting a mixed number in a base other than 10 to decimal. Submission Deadline for submission is Thursday 16th December 2010 before 1200 noon. Submit via the Assessment Submission facility of IBIS. The title that you give to the submission should be CO4023 followed by your student id (If you need to resubmit, append A, B, etc. to the submission title make clear which is the latest version).

longterm nuclear effects :: essays research papers

When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation. When a nuclear weapon is detonated the energy of the blast is transferred to the surrounding environment in three forms: bla st, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation.

No Christmas :: essays research papers

When Christmas Couldn’t Come   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We lived in the farmhouse until my dad lost his job in 1994. No longer able to afford a mortgage, let alone utilities in the old, drafty house we moved into a smaller house two doors down. My mom called the new house â€Å"cozy† – making the best of a situation I couldn’t begin to understand; words like â€Å"WIC†, â€Å"welfare† and â€Å"debt† meant nothing to me at the time. I missed the barn that longed to be explored, the hill where at eight, I saw my first snowfall and of course, my room. The new house wasn’t mine, it was Miranda’s, a friend who moved away, my room wasn’t mine, it was hers. My mind raced with thousands of questions, all of them pitying myself, feeling bad for Andrea, forgetting about my family, all of them until my mom told the four of us that Christmas couldn’t come that year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The words fell out of my mom’s mouth like hail from a winter sky, pelting me in the face, stinging my entire body. What did she mean Christmas couldn’t come, that we could no longer afford any â€Å"extras†, that things were going to be â€Å"different†? Instantly my eyes swelled with things unfamiliar to a tomboy, my heart raced my shortening breath as I struggled to empathize with my parents, searching for a question, an answer, something to make it better. Before that November day I never thought about money or affording things; I grew up in a upper-middle class family where eating out was a commonality, vacations were assumed and for all I knew money could have grown on tress. I was eleven, self-absorbed in wants and wishes where the new house was a drag not more affordable and sharing a room was suffocating, not compromising. Life, for me, had never consisted in cutting corners or working to make ends meet, I simply lived getting what I wanted, not what I needed. Only after that conversation with my

Coca Cola, Pepsi Essay

This paper will examine Coca-cola and PepsiCo financial ratios and profit for the year 2007 and 2008 using the liquidity measurement ratio, profitability indicator’s ratio, debt Ratio, Operating performance ratio, cash flow ratio, and investment valuation ratio. It will explain both company’s liabilities, and a few personal opinions that could better both Coca-Cola and PepsiCo profits and stockholder’s investment. It will also discuss what non-financial criteria the company could consider when choosing between these two investment options. Using the current ratio, discuss what conclusions you can make about each company’s ability to pay current liabilities (debt). Financial ratios are used to compare the financial condition of a firm to that of similar firms for the purposes of building interests for shareholders, building the confidence of creditors, and for fostering competence among the firm’s own management. Liquidity ratios evaluate a firm’s ability to satisfy its short-term obligations as they come due. An important form of liquidity ratio is the current ratio, and it gives a general picture of the company’s financial health as it reflects the efficiency of the company to convert its products into liquid assets. A high current ratio implies the greater capability of a company to allocate its current finances into paying its current liabilities. The acceptable current ratio value for most industrial firms is 1. 5, while a value of 2. 0 indicates that a company has twice as many assets as its liabilities. A ratio under 1. 0 expresses the persistent inability of a company to meet its current liabilities. Albeit it shows a business’ general financial strength, this ratio is not a direct indicator of a company’s tendency into bankruptcy (Smart & Megginson, 2009). In the case of Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. and PepsiCo, Inc. , the calculated current ratios based on a published formula shows that the PepsiCo, Inc. has increased its value from 1. 23 in 2008 to 1. 44 in 2009, while Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. has also managed to increase its ratio from 0. 90 in 2008 to 1. 13 in 2009. There was a higher degree of increase for the current ratio of Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. s compared to PepsiCo, Inc. : 26% and 17%, respectively. The consistently high values of current ratio for PepsiCo, Inc. for 2008 and 2009 shows the greater capability of the company to compensate losses due to its current liabilities. PepsiCo, Inc. ’s current liabilities for 2008-2009 remain almost constant, while its current assets increased by as much as 14%. Meanwhile, Coca-Cola Enterprises performance in 2008, where its current liabilities were greater than its current assets, placed weight into its financial stability for the 2009 year. Its increase for current assets and a slight degree of decrease in the current liabilities was not sufficient to put the company at par with its competitor in terms of company liquidity for the two-year period (Current Ratio Definition, 2010; Coca-Cola & PepsiCo annual report 2009). The efficiency of a firm’s utilization and management of resources and how well these assets are converted into profit and shareholder value is measured by Profitability Ratios. Among the crucial computations include Return on Assets and Return on Equity. To ensure the survivability of a company, as well as the benefits received by its shareholders, the profitability of a company should be sustained. The return on assets ratio measures the overall effectiveness of management in utilizing its assets to generate returns (Smart & Megginson, 2009 & Loth 2010). For Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc. and PepsiCo, Inc. , the higher Return On Assets of the former, ~ 136% for a period of two years, implies the greater efficiency of the company in converting its assets into cash. PepsiCo, Inc. btained a 10% increase in total assets from 2008-2009, a two-fold increase compared to that of Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc. In terms of net income, Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc. had a higher decrease in value from 2008 to 2009, approximately a 0. 74% loss compared to PepsiCo, Inc. ’s 0. 04%. While Cola-Cola Enterprises Inc. ’s net income did not significantly increase, it has maintained its utilization of existing resources such that minimal cash-outs were necessary for the operation of the company for the two-year period, thus making the company more profitable than its competitor. To measure the returns earned on the common stockholders’ investments in a company, the Return on Equity ratio is obtained. It is computed by dividing the Net Income by the Average Shareholders’ Equity for a certain period. The ratio is expressed in percentage, and a higher value indicates a higher capability of a firm to use its base equity to provide better returns to its investors (Coca-Cola & Pepsi annual report 2009). The Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc. manifest a higher percentage of Return on equity compared to its competitor for the two-year period of 2008-2009. The company’s $31 million dollar total shareowner’s deficit in 2008 rendered a low average shareowners’ equity for the two-year period, thus causing the Return of Equity to remain high. Analyzing Return of Assets and Return of Equity values for both companies suggest that, even after interest payments were given to creditors and dividend payments were made to preferred stockholders, Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. managed to maintain its profitability in a quantitatively higher degree compared to its competitor. It could be concluded that Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. s better in terms of earnings performance regardless of the source of finances, which will be taken into consideration in the next discussion (Coca-Cola annual report 2009). In addition to liquidity and profitability, it is also important to note a firm’s level of debt to assess the extent of leverage that a company is using. Since assets come from two broad sources, it is vital to measure the degree to which a company uses money from creditors rather than shareholders to finance its operations (Smart & Megginson, 2009). For the two-year period under consideration, the Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. obtained an average of 97% debt ratio compared to PepsiCo Inc. ’s 67%, putting their company in a stronger equity position. This translates to a high degree of leverage that the Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. is utilizing for gaining profit, financing all of its assets with debt. The higher amount of total assets, concomitant with a diminished value for total liabilities in 2009 gave PepsiCo, Inc. an apparent advantage over Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. n terms of risks and expected returns on the firm’s securities during the period under consideration. However, the debt ratio does not strictly define the company’s debt situation. Operational liabilities are also covered in this ratio, including accounts and taxes payable, which are strictly not regarded as a form of leverage . Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. is still able to generate returns above their cost of capital. However, possessing debt impe rils a firm when revenues plummet and the company is not able to gain profit above the cost of its capital. Operating performance ratios measure how well a firm converts assets into cash as well as the rate at which the form converts various accounts into sales or cash. A form of Operating Performance Ratio is the Fixed Assets Turnover or FATR ratio. This ratio roughly measures the efficiency of a company’s fixed assets, property, plant, and equipment, with respect to generating sales. Fixed assets turnover ratios for Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. and PepsiCo, Inc. do not significantly differ from each other over the period under consideration, 3. 8 and 3. 6 for each of the firms, respectively. Since both firms belong to the manufacturing realm, and are both heavy on fixed assets, comparison of their Fixed Assets Turnover Rate is noteworthy. It could be inferred that both companies are on the same rate and efficacy of utilizing their PP&E in generating profit (Loth, 2010a; Smart & Megginson, 2009). As an investor, discuss which company you would choose to invest in and provide a rationale for your decision. PepsiCo Inc. ’s steadily increasing Dividend Payout ratio signifies the capability of the company to provide dividend payments through a forecasted period of time. This fact paralleled with a relatively cheaper stocks cost in the company should be able to satisfy value investors more its competitor. Meanwhile, the high P/E ratios of Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. , provide growth investors high expectations of augmented earnings over a predicted period of time. Also as an investor interested in growth investing, opting to invest money in Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. is an extremely great idea. Its ability to generate revenues higher than capital cost despite a high Debt Ratio implies a promised continued increase in its  ROA and ROE in the succeeding years. Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. exhibits high profitability, and this will eventually translate into more contingency finances for dividend payouts. In terms of the valuation of investment, profit would truly be gained from stocks that continue to have good growth potential (Pepsi Co and Coca-Cola annual report 2009). One form of Cash Flow Indicator ratio is the Dividend Payout Ratio. This ratio measures the amount of cash that is paid out in the form of dividends by the company to its shareholders. This is calculated by dividing the firm’s cash dividend per share by its earnings per share, and this indicates the percentage of each dollar earned that is distributed to the stockholders. In the computation of Dividend Payout ratios for the two companies under consideration, the values for diluted earnings per common share were used to be able to take into account the possible effects of stock options. A steadily increasing dividend payout ratio for a firm is favorable for stockholders. In the case of Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc. , a $ 9. 5 million dollar diluted loss per common share caused the dividend payout ratio to drop from 0. 16 to -0. 03 from 2007 to 2008. In 2009, the earnings per share value were able to recover for the company. The PepsiCo Inc. , meanwhile, exhibited a rather steady trend for its dividend payout ratio, with the highest point during 2008, which is coincidental with its competitor’s most pronounced diluted loss per common share. Generally, in terms of the dividend payout ratio for 2007 to 2009, PepsiCo, Inc. manifested well-supported dividend payments to its shareholders through its earnings. This is supported by a separate calculation involving Free Cash Flow/Operating Cash ratio, wherein PepsiCo Inc. also exhibited a gradually increasing measure of the amount of cash flow available to investors (Smart & Megginson, 2009; PepsiCo Annual report 2009). Investment Valuation ratios take a look at the appeal of a potential or existing investment and get a prediction of its valuation. The Price/Earnings ratio or P/E compares the current price of a company’s shares to the amount of earnings it makes. The P/E ratio is computed by the closing stock price per share by the basic Earnings per Share or EPS. The values for the closing stock price per share in the computation of the P/E ratios for both companies in consideration were obtained from their respective annual reports. The Basic Earnings per Share values were also used as the denominator to reflect the trailing twelve-month or TTM period of the companies. For Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc. , a $ 9. 05 million dollar basic loss per share in 2008 caused a disturbance in the rather decreasing trend of P/E for the company from 2007-2009. The year 2007 reflects the highest P/E ratio for Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. with a value of 41. Meanwhile, the P/E ratio of PepsiCo, Inc. gradually decreased from 2007 to 2009, from a value of 22 to 16. Higher P/E ratios generally provide investors a basis for higher earnings in the succeeding periods compared with firms with lower P/E. Consequently, companies with high P/E ratios are more often regarded as high-risk investments than those with low P/E ratios, since a high P/E ratio signifies high expectations. Shares in Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. are then said to be more â€Å"expensive† than that from PepsiCo, Inc (Loth, 2010d).